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241	Integrated pest and disease management	ABS-323
Morphology and life cycle of Spodoptera Frugiperda J.E Smith (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) with soybean leaf feed (Glycine Max L) in the laboratory Siti Hasry Ainun Arifin, Tamrin Abdullah, Sulaeha Sulaeha Department of Plant Pests and Diseases, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Hasanuddin Abstract Soy (Glycine max L) is an important vegetable source of vegetable protein for the whole world. Wilis is one of the superior varieties in great demand among farmers. However, soybean production in recent years in Indonesia has declined. One of the causes is the presence of parasites which can cause losses both in quantity and quality. S. frugiperda is a serious pest that can attack 353 host plants from 76 plant families and one of them is the Fabaceae (soybean) family. This research was conducted at the laboratory and ex-farm of Hasanuddin University Faculty of Agriculture and took place from August to December 2020. S. frugiperda larvae were obtained from Sidenreng Rappang district , Watang Pulu district and corn plants in the experimental field of the Faculty of Agriculture. Developed and propagated in the laboratory to produce eggs which are used to observe the life cycle of S. frugiperda with soybean leaves as food. Biological observations were made, including the lifespan of each stage, the shape and size of the egg at the imago. The results of this study showed that the larvae of S. frugiperda consisted of six larval stages. The mean duration of eggs to hatching was 1.8 days, the duration of the larval stage was 18.78 days, the duration of the pre-pupa stage was 1.61 days, the duration of the pupal stage was 10 days and the lifespan of the male imago stage was 9.28 days, while the female imago was 13.73 days. Keywords: Please Just Try to Submit This Sample Abstract Share Link | Plain Format | Corresponding Author (Siti Hasry Ainun Arifin)

242	Integrated pest and disease management	ABS-68
The Evaluation of Antagonistic Fungi in Inhibiting Fusarium verticillioides Growth AM Yasir, T Kuswinanti, A Nasruddin Department of plant pests and diseases, Faculty of Agriculture, Hasanuddin University Makassar, Sulawesi Selatan 90245, Indonesia Abstract Fusarium verticillioides the cause of stem rot in maize which causes a decrease in yield and quality of maize. The rapid spread of pathogens has resulted in the need for Fusarium so proper and safe. The purpose of this study was to test the effectiveness of fungal isolates which are antagonistic in inhibiting the growth of F. verticillioides Purify isolates of antagonist fungi available at the Laboratory of Plant Pests and Diseases, Hasanuddin University, namely Penicillium sp, Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus flavus, and Trichoderma harzianum. Place theF. verticillioides isolate and the antagonist fungus according to the dual culture method. Measure the growth radius of each fungus until the F. verticillioides as control fills the petri dish. Calculating the inhibition of antagonistic fungi to see the effectiveness of fungi that can potentially be antagonistic fungi. Seeing the interaction mechanism that occurs by taking the hyphae of the meeting between the two fungi and observing using a microscope. The research was conducted at the Laboratory of Plant Pests and Diseases, Hasanuddin University. Based on the servitude test between antagonistic fungi, it is known that the fungus that has the best potential to suppress the growth of F. verticillioides is the fungus Trichoderma harzianum with a high category of 60.78% with competition and parasitism mechanisms and the fungus Aspergillus flavus 52.94% high category with a mechanism antibiotics. Meanwhile, the fungi included in the medium category were Aspergillus niger 49.41% with the antibiosis mechanism and the fungus Penicillium 47.06% and no interaction was found due to the growth of the dominant pathogen occupying the space. Keywords: Fusarium verticillioides, corn, antagonistic fungi, inhibiting Share Link | Plain Format | Corresponding Author (AINUN MARDIYAH YASIR)

243	Integrated pest and disease management	ABS-69
Control of Pepper Yellow Leaf Curl Indonesia Virus and Its Vector (Bemisia tabaci Genn.) on Chili Plants (Capsicum annum L.) Using Resistant Variety and Insecticide Application N Arfiani, T Kuswinanti, A Nasruddin Department of Plant Pest and Disease, Faculty of Agriculture, Hasanuddin University, Makassar, Indonesia 90245 Abstract PepYLCIV, the cause of chili yellow leaf curl disease, is currently widespread in Indonesia and can cause up to 100% yield loss. PepYLCIV is transmitted by whitefly, namely B. tabaci. Thus, the purpose of the current study was to determine the effect of using chili varieties with different resistance to Geminivirus and different frequencies of insecticides application on B. tabaci population, PepYLCIV incidence and severity on two chili varieties with different resistance to Geminivirus. The experimental design used was a Split Plot Design. The main plots were chili varieties consisting of Baja MC F1 and Pilar F1. Sub-plots were the frequency of insecticides application which consisted of three levels, those are: not applied, applied once a week, and applied twice a week. Parameters observed were B. tabaci population, disease incidence and severity which carried out every week (starting 23 days after planting). The results showed that statistically, the use of insecticides and varieties with different resistance to Geminivirus had no effect on suppressing B. tabaci populations during the rainy season. Thus, chili plants did not need insecticides application during the rainy season. The use of resistant varieties can reduce the incidence and severity of chili yellow leaf curl disease, but both varieties reacted similarly to B. tabaci. Keywords: B. tabaci, Chili, Insecticides, PepYLCIV, Resistant Share Link | Plain Format | Corresponding Author (Nurul Arfiani)

244	Integrated pest and disease management	ABS-70
Survey on stored rice insects in Makassar, Indonesia M. Bayu Mario (a*), Eirene Brugman (a), Sylvia Sjam (a), Ito Fernando (b), Ludji Pantja Astuti (b), Lekhnath Kafle (c), Mukhti Muhammad (a), Muh. Ridha Taqwa Tang (a), Ahmad Arisandi Jamal (a), Asri Ainun Amaliah (a) a) Department of Plant Pests and Diseases, Faculty of Agriculture, Universitas Hasanuddin, Jalan Perintis Kemerdekaan Km. 10 Makassar 90245, Indonesia b) Department of Plant Pests and Diseases, Faculty of Agriculture, Universitas Brawijaya, Jalan Veteran Malang 65145, Indonesia c) Department of Tropical Agriculture and International Cooperation, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, 1 Shuefu Road, Neipu, Pingtung 912, Republic of China (Taiwan) *) bayumario[at]unhas.ac.id Abstract Stored-product insects in rice are threats to maintaining the quality and quantity of stored rice. One of the methods to monitor insects in the storage facility is using an ultraviolet (UV) light trap. This study aimed to investigate the species diversity and abundance of insects trapped by using a UV light trap in the government^s stored rice in Makassar city, Indonesia. This study was conducted in a rice storage maintained by the Indonesian Bureau of Logistics (Bulog) Panaikang in early October 2022. Six UV light traps (4 watts) were hung (h=1.8 m) on four sides of a rice staple and information were recorded. Results showed that the insects trapped by the UV light traps belonged to two orders, i.e., Coleoptera and Lepidoptera. Cryptolestes ferrugineus (Stephens) (Laemophloeidae), Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) (Tenebrionidae), and Rhyzopertha dominica (Fabricius) (Bostrichidae) were three dominant coleopteran species trapped by UV light traps. Those species are classified as major pests due to their potential to cause economic damage to grains and products. Keywords: Abundance- Coleoptera- Stored-product insects- Diversity- Lepidoptera- Ultraviolet light trap Share Link | Plain Format | Corresponding Author (M. Bayu Mario)

245	Integrated pest and disease management	ABS-74
Prospect of utilizing botanical pesticides for maize weevil (Sitophilus zeamais Motsch) management to preserve national maize production Ayyub Ar Rahman, Rohimatun, Salim, Ratna Rubiana, Surianto Sipi, Abd. Fattah, Hishar Mirsam, Dian Meithasari, M. Yasin, and M. Sudjak Saenong National Research and Innovation Agency, Research Organization for Agriculture and Food Abstract Maize plays a strategic role in the national food map as well as a mainstay commodity in accelerating the realization of food self sufficiency. It is because maize has wide adaptability and is relatively easy to cultivate. However, the attack of maize weevil obstructs the increase of maize productivity. This pest is the most destructive and reduces maize productivity as a national source of carbohydrates. The global policy of limiting the use of synthetic pesticides to control agricultural pests has become a topic of discussion in international forums today. It is due to the large number of deaths reported by synthetic pesticides. WHO reports that every year pesticide poisoning occurs between 44,000 until 2,000,000 people worldwide, and the highest poisoning rates occur in developing countries. In response to this, the Government has made regulations through Government Regulation No.6 of 1995 concerning synthetic pesticides and the like. It is contained in Chapter II, article 19, which emphasizes that in the context of controlling Plant Pest Organisms (OPT), synthetic pesticides are only permitted and selected as a last resort. In fact, the potential for our prospective plant based materials to be used as active ingredients for environmentally friendly vegetable pesticides is immense. It has been identified that around 10,000 potential secondary metabolite components can be processed into active ingredients of phyto pesticides. In fact, there are about 400,000 species have been explored, which have been detected in 1800 species of national plants. These plants are spread in 235 plant families, with 2400 species of plants identified. This paper discusses the potential of phyto pesticides in Indonesia national plant treasures. Keywords: Maize Weevil, Botanical Pesticide, Maize Share Link | Plain Format | Corresponding Author (Ayyub Ar Rahman)

246	Integrated pest and disease management	ABS-75
THE EFFECT OF DIFFERENT HEALTHY SEEDS AND VIRUSES SYMPTOMS ON GROWTH AND RESULTS OF SHALLOT Neni Gunaeni (1*) , Eli Korlina (1), Astri Windia Wulandari (2) 1) Research Center for Horticultural and Estate Crops Nasional Research and Innovation Agency Jalan M.H.Thamrin No. 8, Jakarta Pusat (10340) *Author Correspondence : nenigunaeni[at]yahoo.com 2) Indonesia Vegetable Research Institute Jln. Tangkuban Perahu No. 517 Lembang-West Java (40391) Abstract Shallots are always propagated vegetatively so that the virus can develop and accumulate in the tubers and eventually carry over to the seeds. The aim of the study was to determine the growth and yield of shallots from healthy and virus-infected seeds. The research was carried out in the experimental garden of IVEGRI Lembang (1250 above sea level). The implementation time is from September to December 2021. The experimental design used is a Factorial Randomized Block Design with two factors repeated twice. The first factor is the onion variety: V1 = Violetta-1. V2 = Violetta-2. V3 = Violetta-3. V4 = Ambassador-1. V5= Ambassador-2. V6= Ambassador-3. V7= Ambassador-4. V8= Maja Cipanas. V9 = Pancasona. V10= Sembrani. V11= Kramat-1. Second factor: B0=Seeds are suspected to be healthy. B1= Seed infected with virus. The results showed that: (1). The incidence and intensity of viral disease from healthy tubers and virus infected tubers were not significantly different. (2). There was no interaction between varieties, from healthy tubers and virus infection. (3). The growth and yield of shallots from healthy bulbs was relatively higher than bulbs infected with the virus. (4). Elisa test results on leaf samples detected the presence of OYDV (Onion Yellow Dwarf Virus) and SYSV (Shallot Yellow Stripe Virus), GCLV (Garlic Common Latent Virus), and SLV (Shallot Latent Virus) viruses. based on the DAS-ELISA (Double Antibody Sandwich-Ezyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay) test. Keywords: Allium cepa var.ascalonicum- Seeds- Varieties- Virus Share Link | Plain Format | Corresponding Author (Neni Gunaeni)

247	Integrated pest and disease management	ABS-76
Intraguild predation of Phenacoccus manihoti parasitoid Anagyrus lopezi by two mealybug predators, Cryptolaemus montrouzieri and Plesiochrysa ramburi Muhammad Zainal Fanani(a*), Aunu Rauf(b), Nina Maryana(b), Ali Nurmansyah(b), Dadan Hindayana(b) a) Study program of Agrotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Djuanda University, Jagorawi Toll Rd No.1, Ciawi, Bogor Regency, West Java 16720 *muhammad.zainal[at]unida.ac.id b) Study program of Entomology, Faculty of Agriculture, IPB University Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Institut Pertanian Bogor. Jl. Meranti, Kampus Dramaga, Bogor 16680, West Java,Indonesia Abstract Anagyrus lopezi De Santis (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) is a specialist parasitoid was introduced to Indonesia in 2014 to control cassava mealybug, Phenacoccus manihoti. P. ramburi and C. montrouzieri are generalist predators associated with the mealybug. Intraguild predation is a crusial competition in an insect community. The objective study was to investigated interference of both predators on healthy mealybug (unparasitized) or mealybug that were parasitized by A. lopezi (mealybug which containing parasitoid larvae 1-, 3-, 8-, and 14-old day). Experiments were carried out in non-choice test (only healthy or parasitized mealybug of a specific parasitoid age) and choice test (healthy mealybug and parasitized mealybug of a specific parasitoid age) in laboratory. Both of predators able to fed on both healthy and parasitized mealybugs (1-, 3-, and 8-old day), but both predators discriminated against mealybug were parasitized 14 old days (hardened mummies). Interaction between parasitoid of A. lopezi and both predators was showed antagonistic interaction type. We recommend that A. lopezi can be released in field at the beginning of the time when the population of the mealybug is still low and could be continued with the release of mass predators w en the mealybug population is high. Keywords: interactions, mealybug, parasitoid, predator Share Link | Plain Format | Corresponding Author (Muhammad Zainal Fanani)

248	Integrated pest and disease management	ABS-86
Overview of natural inert dusts against stored-products pests as part of integrated pest management M. Bayu Mario (a*), William Yeremia Patasik (a), Muh. Ridha Taqwa Tang (a), Mukthi Muhammad (a), Amrina Rosyada (a), Ahmad Arisandi Jamal (a), Nurwahida (a), Lekhnath Kafle (b) a) Department of Plant Pests and Diseases, Faculty of Agriculture, Universitas Hasanuddin, Jalan Perintis Kemerdekaan Km. 10 Makassar 90245, Indonesia b) Department of Tropical Agriculture and International Cooperation, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, 1 Shuefu Road, Neipu, Pingtung 912, Republic of China (Taiwan) *) bayumario[at]unhas.ac.id Abstract Inert dust has been used as a grain protectant since the Aztecs of ancient Mexico. Inert dust has been divided into four groups, the first group included sand, kaolin, paddy husk ash, wood ash, and clays, the second group included mineral dust, the third group such as synthetic silica and the last group is natural silica included diatomaceous earth and zeolite. Inert dust has a unique mechanism, inert dust particles could penetrate through the insects^ physical properties which causes dehydration through the cuticle. Relative humidity of air is one of the factors that affect the effectivity of inert dust application. Inert dust has been used traditionally by farmers, then brings impact to the insect such as decreased population, no insect resistance, and environmentally friendly. Problems of using inert dust such as visible residues on grain, airborne dust, reduced flowability, bulk density reduction, and adverse effects on downstream processing machinery also. Besides that, inert dust is a very light product, it could cause human respiratory illness. The inert dust could be applied to the smaller or larger storage containers. Natural silica can be easily adapted to the modern agriculture as an IPM solution. Keywords: Ash- Natural silica- Dehydration- Diatomaceous earth- Insect cuticle Share Link | Plain Format | Corresponding Author (M. Bayu Mario)

249	Integrated pest and disease management	ABS-89
Molecular Detection of Pepper yellow leaf curl virus, Tomato leaf curl virus, Tomato yellow leaf curl virus, and Mungbean yellow mosaic virus on Eggplant, Tomato, and Pepper at Different Altitudes in East Java, Indonesia Effi Alfiani Sidik, Sedyo Hartono, Sri Sulandari, Rudy Lukman, Ahmad Affifudin, Denih Wahyudin, and Haryono Budi Santoso 1 Research Center for Food Crops, National Research and Innovation Agency, Jl. Raya Bogor-Jakarta, Cibinong Bogor 16911, West Java, Indonesia 2 Department of Pest and Disease of Phytopathology, Faculty of Agriculture, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Flora Street, Bulak Sumur, Yogyakarta 55281, Indonesia 3 Biotechnology Department of PT. Bisi International, Tbk, Sumber Agung, East Java 64175, Indonesia Abstract The genus Begomovirus causes yellow disease is the most damaging and threatening for tomato, eggplant, and pepper production worldwide. Begomoviruses (family Geminiviridae) are transmitted circulative persistent manner by whitefly Bemesia tabaci. This study aims to determine the variation of infection of several species of Begomoviruses in tomato, eggplant, and pepper at different altitudes in East Java. Molecular detection of infection Begomoviruses were detected using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using four pairs of specific primers: PepYLCV-F/PepYLCV-R TLCV-CPI/TLCV-CPT, TYLCV-F/TYLCV-R, and AC2-F/AC2-R amplified the targeted DNA fragments of 850 bp, 700 bp, 1668 bp, and 504 bp, respectively. Samples were collected at different altitudes in East Java (Kencong, Karangploso, and Pujon). The PCR was successfully applied to detect Pepper yellow leaf curl virus (PepYLCV) Tomato leaf curl virus (ToLCV), and Tomato yellow leaf curl virus (TYLCV) from tomato, eggplant, and pepper in Kencong. That Begomoviruses have been found infecting together in a plant. Tomato, eggplant, and pepper from all locations were not infected by Mungbean yellow mosaic virus (MYMV). Symptoms of begomovirus infection found in the samples from Kencong were more varied than those found in Karangploso and Pujon. Symptoms of infection caused by each species of begomoviruses vary greatly among hosts. The results of the phylogenetic analysis showed that the TYLCV Kencong isolate had the highest homologies with TYLCKaV pepper and eggplant isolates from Indonesia. PepYLCV Kencong isolate had the highest homologies with PepYLCV Ageratum conyzoides isolate from Indonesia. ToLCV Kencong isolate had the highest homologies with ToLCNDV cucumber isolate from Central Java. The molecular detection has shown that there are different combinations of begomovirus infection at altitudes. Keywords: Begomovirus, MYMV, PepYLCV, Solanaceae, Specific primer, ToLCV, TYLCV Share Link | Plain Format | Corresponding Author (Effi Alfiani Sidik)

250	Integrated pest and disease management	ABS-108
Effect of Ecological Engineering Technique on Population Dynamics of Tungro Vectors and Their Natural Enemies Nur Rosida(a*), Elisurya Ibrahim (a), Diah Arina Fahmi (b), and Muhammad Haikal(a) (a) Research Center for Food Crops, Research Organization for Agriculture and Food, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN). Cibinong Science Center. Jl. Raya Jakarta-Bogor, KM. 46, Cibinong, Bogor, West Java 16911 Indonesia *nurr013[at]brin.go.id (b) Research Center for Behavioral and Circular Economic, Research Organization for Governance, Economy, and Public Welfare, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN). Gedung B.J. Habibie Lantai 18, Jl. M.H. Thamrin No.8, RT 10/RW 10 Central Jakarta 10340 Indonesia Abstract Abstract. Currently, the use of pesticides is still the mainstay of farmers to control pests and plant diseases, including the control of green leafhoppers as a tungro virus vector. However, the accumulation of chemical inputs in paddy fields increases the risk to biodiversity and human health. In addition, people^s demands for quality, economical, and safe agricultural products are getting higher. On the other hand, the use of natural enemies to suppress plant pests has the potential to reduce the input of chemical pesticides in rice fields. Currently, predators and parasitoids often do not survive in rice ecosystems due to the absence of shelter or nutritional sources. In this study, we modify the rice ecosystem by combining the use of resistant varieties and conservation of natural enemies (biological agents) through eco-engineering technology which aims to improve natural biocontrol agents for plant protection. In this study, planting refugia plants on rice bunds provides food and shelter to increase the activity of biocontrol agents and reduce the number of pests, while maintaining grain yields. The abundance of predators and parasitoids was significantly different in the eco-engineering technique plot ecosystems compared to the insecticide-treated plots and control plots. In addition, significantly lower tungro virus vector numbers (GLH) and tungro incidence percentages were found in treatments where flowering plants were grown on bunds than in plots where such plants were not grown. This study shows that manipulating natural enemy habitats in rice field ecosystems can maintain rice yield and increase tungro vector suppression while reducing the need for insecticide use. Keywords: Eco-friendly, rice field, refugia plants, insecticides, natural enemies Share Link | Plain Format | Corresponding Author (Nur Rosida)

251	Integrated pest and disease management	ABS-110
Tungro Disease Pressure On Rice Plants Khaerana (a,b), Yunus Musa (c*), Baharuddin Patandjengi(c), Muhammad Riadi(c) a) Doctoral Program of Agricultural Science, Graduate School Hasanuddin University, Makassar, Indonesia. b) National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN). Pemenang, Lombok Utara, NTB. c) Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture, Hasanuddin University, Makassar 90245, Indonesia *Corresponding author: 54.yunusmusa[at]gmail.com Abstract Abstract. The intensity of tungro incidence has decreased from 2000 to 2021. However, in 2022, the tungro outbreak was detected again on a large scale in Kalimantan Selatan, Kalimantan Barat, and Kalimantan Tengah. Paddy farming that does not apply the best practice management, such as unsynchronous and continuous planting, and using susceptible varieties, cause an increase in tungro outbreaks. Tungro retards plant growth, decreases the number of tillers, changes the leaf color to orange, and increases unfilled grain. The growth retardation is perhaps caused by the accumulation of the tungro viruses (Rice Tungro Spherical Virus and Rice Tungro Bacilliform Virus) in transport tissue, especially in the phloem. This article will review the research related to the character of morphology, agronomy, and physiology of the tungro-infected paddy. The information about these characters will help in identifying and understanding the tungro-infected plants. Keywords: Tungro- Morphologic Characteristic- Agronomic Characteristic- Physiologic Characteristic. Share Link | Plain Format | Corresponding Author (Khaerana Khaerana)

252	Integrated pest and disease management	ABS-130
Biology and Some Population Attributes of Spodoptera frugiperda J.E. Smith (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) at Laboratory Conditions Itji Diana Daud a*, Nurul Izza, Melina, Ahdin Gassa, Vien Sartika Dewi Department of Plant Pests and Diseases, Faculty of Agriculture, Universitas Hasanuddin, Jalan Perintis Kemerdekaan Km. 10 Makassar 90245, Indonesia *itfir[at]yahoo.com Abstract Spodoptera frugiperda is an insect found in the corn plant ecosystem in South Sulawesi. Attacking the growing point of corn plants from the age of one week. The corn plant can fail to grow if 2-3 larvae of S. frugiperda are found in the plant. This insect has complete metamorphoses, namely egg, larva, pupa and adult. The larval stage is a stage that destroys corn plants, especially the larval niche at the growing point. The life table contains population statistical values such as the probability that an individual of a certain age group will die or alive. With this data, monitoring of population development can be carried out. The purpose of the study was to determine several aspects of the biology of S. frugiperda which was then used to calculate the value of several attributes of the insect population. The benefits of the data obtained are to design a control strategy for S. frugiperda. The feed given to the imago is honey, while the larvae are fed ^Baby Corn^. Furthermore, all insects were observed at the stage of each growth phase and the population of each phase of development was observed. The sex ratio of adult is 1: 1.5. The adult longevity of female ranges from 14-30 days. The proportion of individuals died in each different age from 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th, 5th instar was 0.032, 0.014, 0.006, 0.004, 0.004 while in 6th instar no one died. The prepupa and pupa mortality is 0.002 and 0.006, respectively. The conclusion of the life table data shows that the life expectancy of S. frugiperda at each stage is greater than the proportion of deaths, meaning that the population will grow. Therefore, to protect corn plant, it is necessary to prevent S. frugiperda from occurring in corn plant. Keywords: Adult longevity- Corn plant- Life expectancy- Life table- Spodoptera frugiperda Share Link | Plain Format | Corresponding Author (Itji Diana Daud)

253	Integrated pest and disease management	ABS-133
Effects of insecticide application interval on Aphis gossypii (Glover) population in Capsicum frutescens A S Rejeki, Firdaus, A D Nasruddin, and A Nasruddin1* Hasanuddin University Abstract The purpose of the current study was to determine the effect of different insecticide application intervals on the population density of the cotton aphid, Aphis gossypii (Glover). The field experiment was arranged in a randomized complete block in factorial design. The first factor was spray interval: 3 days, 7 days, and 14 days. The second factor was the insecticide active ingredient: spinetoram and carbosulfan. Each treatment combination had four replications of a plot each. From each plot, four plants were selected to determine the number of aphids (nymphs and adults) per leaf. The results showed that each of the insecticide application intervals had significantly fewer aphids than the control (unsprayed plots). However, the numbers of aphids among the spray intervals were not significantly different each other. This means that spraying plants every 14 days was as effective as spraying them every three days. The result suggested that farmers should use 14 days interval instead of three days interval as they currently practice in managing the cotton aphid. By doing that, insecticide use could be cut by 75%. Our results also showed that spinetoram was more effective than carbosulfan in controlling A. gossypii. Carbosulfan is considered not environmentally friendly and its use in agriculture has been banned in more than 60 countries, including USA and the European Union. Thus, spinetoram can be used to substitute carbosulfan for the control of the cotton aphid. Keywords: Aphis gossypii, Capsicum frutescens, Insecticide, Application Interval Share Link | Plain Format | Corresponding Author (Andi Nasruddin)

254	Integrated pest and disease management	ABS-134
Stain fungi control on rubberwood (Hevea brasiliensis Muell. Arg.) by vacuum-pressure treatment with catechin from gambir (Uncaria gambir Roxb.) Mohamad Miftah Rahman (a), Dodi Nandika (a*), Elis Nina Herliyana (b), Arinana (a), Yusuf Sudo Hadi (a), Musrizal Muin (c) a) Department of Forest Products, Faculty of Forestry and Environment, IPB University, Darmaga Campus, Bogor 16680 West Java, Indonesia * dodina[at]apps.ipb.ac.id b)Department of Silviculture, Faculty of Forestry and Environment, IPB University, Darmaga Campus, Bogor 16680 West Java, Indonesia c) Forestry Department, Faculty of Forestry, Hasanuddin University, Makassar, 90245, South Sulawesi, Indonesia Abstract Recently, the morphological and molecular features of five stain fungi infecting rubberwood (Hevea brasiliensis) including Aspergillus chevalieri has been studied. Prior to the study, the authors revealed that catechin from gambir (Uncaria gambir) demonstrated the ability to inhibit the growth of a white-rot fungi Schizophyllum commune and it is important to determine the bioactivity of aforementioned agent against A. chevalieri. The efficacy of the biocidal agent was examined using laboratory wood block test. Rubberwood blocks were impregnated with catechin solution at concentration of 6%, 9%, 12%, and 15% (w/v) by the vacuum-pressure method, and their bioactivity was monitored over three weeks through visual assessment of the fungal growth as well as discoloration intensity of the wood samples. The results showed that catechin treatment seems to increase the resistance on the wood samples against A. chevalieri. Overall, the higher concentration of catechin, the lower the fungal growth. The lowest fungal growth was presented by 12% and 15% catechin treated wood samples (score 0), which demonstrated no discoloration. In contrast, fungal growth score in untreated wood samples were reached 4 which demonstrated severe discoloration. It appears that catechin could be considered as an adequately biofungicide against the action of stain fungi on rubberwood. Keywords: Catechin- Dimethyl sulfoxide- Discoloration- Gambir- Rubberwood- Stain fungi Share Link | Plain Format | Corresponding Author (Mohamad Miftah Rahman)

255	Integrated pest and disease management	ABS-142
Exploration of VMA (Vesicular Arbuscular Mycorrhizae) Chilli Plants in Various Field Types in Indonesia: case study in Kolaka Regency, and their Relationship with Fusarium oxysporum Wilt Disease Ariestyandhini Ekaputri, Nur Amin, Baharuddin Patandjengi Departement Pest and Plant Disease, Faculty of Agriculture, Hasanuddin University, Makassar 90245 , Indonesia. Abstract The symbiotic relationship between mycorrhizal fungi and plant roots provides benefits to the host plant. Fusarium oxysporum is a fungus that often attacks chili plants and losses due to this disease can reach 50%. Farmers^ habits in controlling are still using chemical pesticides which have a negative impact on the environment. This was conducted to determine the presence and number of Mycorrhizal spore morphology around the roots of chili plants in three types of field in Kolaka Regency and its relation to Fusarium wilt.. This research was conducted by sampling plants from several chili fields in Kolaka Regency, and the samples will be identified at the Plant Disease Laboratory, Faculty of Agriculture, Hasanuddin University, Makassar. The parameters observed were the percentage of infection, the number of spores in the soil, and the incidence of fusarium wilt in chili. The results showed that mycorrhizae were proven to infect chili roots and the number of spores in various chili plants in three different fields. This proves that there is an association between mycorrhizae and chili roots, the presence of spores in the soil and the type of spores, namely Glomus sp. and Gigaspora sp. The interaction between mycorrhizae and Fusarium oxysporum disease in chili plants, namely suppressing the acceleration rate of Fusarium oxysporum disease is said to occur but is considered low. Different types of field have a significant effect on the characteristics of mycorrhizae and growth of chili plants, especially those that are attacked by Fusarium oxysporum. The type of field with the least number of spores was found in Sani-Sani Village, Samaturu District, Kolaka Regency. Keywords: Mycorrhiza, Soil Type Chili, Kolaka, Fusarium oxysporum. Share Link | Plain Format | Corresponding Author (Ariestyandhini Ekaputri)

256	Integrated pest and disease management	ABS-144
Effect of Drying and Storage of Corn Seeds (Zea mays l.) Against the Damage Level Muslimin Sepe (a*), Salamiah (a), Yusriadi Marsuni (a), Samharinto (a), Mariana (a), Muhammad Indar Pramudi (a), and Saipul Abbas (a) (a) Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Universitas Lambung Mangkurat, Banjarbaru 70714, Indonesia Abstract ABSTRACT. Besides wheat and rice, corn is one of the world^s most essential carbohydrate-producing food crops. At present, apart from being used as a staple food for most of the world^s population, corn seeds are also an essential component of animal feed. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of drying and storage time on the presence of warehouse pest populations. The research method was carried out by drying corn kernels under sun exposure for 6 hours/per day. The experiment consisted of four treatments, namely drying time repeated three times. Observations consisted of weight loss of corn kernels, the population of warehouse pests, and the intensity of damage to corn kernels. The results of the observations were then analyzed by statistical tests followed by a real difference test. The results showed that the weight of corn kernels decreased with the length of the drying process. Drying for 18 hours was effective in suppressing the presence of warehouse pests such as S. zeamais (197.67) and T. castaneum (5). Drying time in addition to affecting the presence of warehouse pests, also significantly affects the intensity of the attack. Drying for 24 hours has a lower damage rate (14.44%) when compared to other drying times. Keywords: drying- S. zeamais- T. castaneum- weight loss. Share Link | Plain Format | Corresponding Author (Muslimin Sepe)

257	Integrated pest and disease management	ABS-164
Controlling of Downy mildew in Corn Plants Using a Combination of Varieties and Mycorrhizae Erwin Najamuddin,1,a) Tutik Kuswinanti,1, b) Ade Rosmana, 1, c) Amran Muis 2, d) Ernawati Djaya 2, e) Salim 2, f) Hasbi,2,g Author Affiliations 1) Faculty of Agriculture, Hasanuddin University. Perintis Kemerdekaan Street Km. 10 Makassar, South Sulawesi, Indonesia, 90245. 2) Food Crop Research Center, National Research and Innovation Agency, Bogor Highway Street Km. 46, Cibinong, Cibinong Subdistrict, Bogor Regency, West Java Province. Indonesia 16911 Abstract Downy mildew is one of the main diseases of maize caused by Peronosclerospora sp. Plants infected with downy mildew will not give optimal results. Downy mildew is controlled by a combination of resistant varieties and systemic fungicides. The continued use of systemic fungicides is known to have a negative impact on non-target organisms and the soil. The use of biological agents is a solution to eliminate the use of fungicides in combination with resistant varieties. This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of combining varieties and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) in controlling downy mildew on maize. The study was conducted in wirehouse conditions, using a randomized block design with twelve combinations of varieties, mycorrhizal and inoculation of pathogen treatments, namely V1M0P0, V1M0P1, V1M1P0, V1M1P1, V2M0P0, V2M0P1, V2M1P0, V2M1P1, V3M0P0, V3M0P1, V3M1P0, and V3M1P1. Each treatment was repeated five times, with two plants in each experimental unit. All treatment combinations carried out observations of plant height, number of leaves, and diameter. Observations of disease incubation, Incidence, and Severity of disease were only carried out on six treatment combinations inoculated with P. philliphinensis pathogen. The results showed an increase in plant vegetative growth in the combination treatment of varieties and mycorrhizae in the absence of pathogen infection (V1M1P0, V2M1P0, and V3M1P0). The Incidence and Severity suppression of downy mildew was shown in the combination V3M1P1 treatment with the same incidence of 50% and disease severity of 46% at 28 days after inoculation. The results of this study indicate the need for the right combination of controls for the purposes of effective disease management in plant cultivation. Keywords: Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, Controlling of Downy mildew, Disease incidence, Environmentally friendly, Varieties. Share Link | Plain Format | Corresponding Author (Erwin Najamuddin)

258	Integrated pest and disease management	ABS-173
Intensity of Leaf Rust Disease on Four Robusta Coffee Clones in Natar, South Lampung Harmiansyah (a), Danarsi Diptaningsari (b*), Nila Wardani (c), Meidaliyantisyah (d), Rahadian Mawardi (d), Jekvy Hendra (e) (a) Sumatera Institute of Technology (ITERA) Jl. Terusan Ryacudu, Way Hui, Jati Agung, 35365, South Lampung, Indonesia (b) Research Center for Food Crops, Research Organization for Agriculture and Food, National Research and Innovation Agency, Cibinong Science Center, Jl. Raya Jakarta-Bogor, KM 46, 16915, Cibinong, Bogor, Indonesia *ddiptaningsari[at]gmail.com (c) Research Center for Horticultural and Estate Crops, Research Organization for Agriculture and Food, National Research and Innovation Agency, Cibinong Science Center, Jl. Raya Jakarta-Bogor, KM 46, 16915, Cibinong, Bogor, Indonesia (d) Research Center for Sustainable Production System and Life Cycle Assessment, Research Organization for Energy and Manufacture, National Research and Innovation Agency, Jl. Raya Puspiptek-Serpong, South Tangerang, 15343, Banten, Indonesia (e) Lampung Assessment Institute for Agricultural Technology, Jl. Hi. Z.A. Pagar Alam No.1a, Rajabasa, 35145, Bandar Lampung, Indonesia. Abstract Lampung Province is the producer and exporter of coffee in Indonesia. Leaf rust disease is an important disease in coffee and is caused by fungus Hemileia vastatrix Berk & Br.). This disease has spread to all coffee cultivation areas worldwide, including Indonesia. The incidence of this disease can cause production losses and reducing productivity up to 50%. The aim of the study was to determine the intensity of leaf rust disease in four Robusta coffee (Coffea canephora) clones in Natar, South Lampung Regency, Lampung Province, namely BP 436, BP 534, BP 939 and SA 203. The experiment was conducted in a completely randomized block design, with four clones, 30 replicates, and 30 evaluation samples. The intensity of disease attacks was calculated using Townsend-Heuberger formula. The results indicated that the intensity of disease attack on four clones was classified as a mild attack, with the lowest attack level was on BP 534 clone (5.63%). Robusta coffee is relatively tolerant to leaf rust disease, however management of this disease must be applied to prevent greater yield losses. Keywords: coffee, disease, leaf rust, Robusta, Lampung Keywords: coffee, disease, leaf rust, Robusta, Lampung Share Link | Plain Format | Corresponding Author (Danarsi Diptaningsari)

259	Integrated pest and disease management	ABS-177
Population genetics of Phytophthora species using short sequence repeat (SSR) marker: a review of its importance and recent studies Eirene Brugman (a*), Nurul Jihad Jayanti (a) Department of Plant Pests and Diseases, Faculty of Agriculture, Universitas Hasanuddin, Jalan Perintis Kemerdekaan Km. 10 Makassar 90245, Indonesia *) eirenebrugman[at]unhas.ac.id Abstract Phytophthora is a genus of oomycete (water molds) whose member species mostly live as plant pathogens and have been reported to cause enormous economic losses on crops worldwide. In recent years, population genetics of Phytophthora pathogens have been broadly studied to evaluate their adaptive evolution. Population genetic studies focus on analyzing the level of genetic variation within a population and the structure of the pathogen population. A population^s genetic variation is proportional to its evolutionary potential. The generation and maintenance of genetic variation in pathogen populations are influenced by the biology of the pathogen and its host, environments, agricultural practices, and human activities. Understanding the population genetics of plant pathogens allows us to track the pathogen population^s dynamics and adaptive ability, assisting the development of more relevant disease management strategies. This review presents the importance of population genetics, short sequence repeat (SSR) marker utilization in population genetic studies, and recent population genetics studies of Phytophthora pathogens related to their adaptive evolution to agricultural practices and climate change. Keywords: genetics variation, population structure, oomycete, microevolution Share Link | Plain Format | Corresponding Author (eirene brugman)

260	Integrated pest and disease management	ABS-184
Impact of Planting Distance to Arthropods Biodiversity on Kangkong Sri Nur Aminah (a*), Melina (a), Errina Risti Rezeki (a) a) Plant Pests and Diseases Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Hasanuddin University Jalan Perintis Kemerdekaan KM 10 Tamalanrea Makassar 90245, Indonesia *srifirnas[at]gmail.com Abstract Kangkong (Ipomoea reptans Poir) is the favourite green vegetable especially most of Asian people. One of the factors affecting production of kangkong is the planting distance. The optimal planting distance created an ideal microhabitat around crop and potential to suppress the development of insect pests. The research purposes is to study the impact of planting distance to arthropods biodiversity on kangkong. The research was conducted in Somba Opu District, Gowa Regency from February to May 2020. Insect pests identification was carried out at the Pest Laboratory, Department of Plant Pest and Diseases, Faculty of Agriculture, Hasanuddin University. The study was conducted in Randomized Block Design with four treatments of planting distance, P1= 5x5 cm- P2 = 5x10 cm, P3 = 5x15 cm and P4 = the seeds was spread (without planting distance), respectively. Each treatment was repeated four times. The arthropods was caught by sweep net and pitfall trap. The sampling method used the diagonal pattern. Observation of arthropods began when the kangkong 7 days after planting with interval 7 days until harvest. The arthropods results divided into two group (insect pest and natural enemies) showed that: 1) the highest diversity index value (H^) value of insect pests in the pitfall trap experiment was found in treatment P2 and sweep net in treatment P1- 2) the highest natural enemies number were shown by pitfall trap in treatment P4 and sweep net observations in treatment P1- and 3) the highest harvest number in the treatment P1. Conclusion of the research: grasshopper Valanga nigricornis (Orthoptera: Acrididae) as the dominan insect pest, order Hymenoptera (Formicidae) and Coleoptera (Coccinellidae) playing as important insect natural enemies in the kangkong field. Keywords: kangkong, planting distance, arthropods, insect natural enemies Share Link | Plain Format | Corresponding Author (Sri Nur Aminah)

261	Integrated pest and disease management	ABS-185
The Effect of Yellow Trap and Methyl Eugenol on Population of Bactrocera sp. in Tomato Sri Nur Aminah (a*), Ahdin Gassa (a), Tamrin Abdullah (a), Ainun Judahri (a) Plant Pests and Diseases Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Hasanuddin University Jalan Perintis Kemerdekaan KM 10 Tamalanrea Makassar 90245 Indonesia *srifirnas[at]gmail.com Abstract Fruit fly Bactrocera sp. as the destructive insect pest on the agricultural crop around the world. The purpose of research is to determine population of adult and attack intensity of fruit fly Bactrocera sp. in tomato plantation. The research was conducted in Tongko village, Enrekang Regency, South Sulawesi. The research used two treatment: yellow trap and methyl eugenol. The observation in the eight times with interval 7 days, started at plant age 11 week after planting. The average population adult of Bactrocera sp. trapped in the yellow trap was higher than metil eugenol treatment. Based the result of research, the yellow trap more effective applied than methyl eugenol in the tomato plantation for the short time in Tongko village. Keywords: Bactrocera sp., tomato, metil eugenol, yellow trap Share Link | Plain Format | Corresponding Author (Sri Nur Aminah)

262	Integrated pest and disease management	ABS-186
Growth Test of Trichoderma asperellum TR3 and Trichoderma sp. on Various Carrier Media Ratnawati, Jumardin, Kasman Jaya*, Sri Sudewi, Arfan, Moh. Zainal Faculty of Agriculture Universitas Alkhairaat Palu, 94221 Central Sulawesi, Indonesia Abstract Trichoderma sp. is the most common fungus found in soil, especially soil with a high organic matter content. This fungus can be useful as a growth trigger and also has the potential as a biological agent in controlling plant diseases. Mutual relationship between Trichoderma sp. and plants are mutualism, plants benefit in terms of growth and disease control, while Trichoderma sp. benefit from getting nutrients produced by plants. The aim of this study was to determine the ability to grow Trichoderma asperellum TR3 and Trichoderma sp. grown in various carrier media in the form of pellets in vitro. The research was carried out at the Laboratory of the Faculty of Agriculture, UNISA Palu using a Completely Randomized Design with 4 treatments, namely T1 = Bran (DDK), T2 = Tofu Dregs (AP), T3 = Tapioca Flour (TPP) and T4 = Talc Powder + Tofu Dregs (TPD) +AP). The results showed that the T4 (TPD+AP) and T1 (DDK) treatments had good ability to be used as carrier media in the form of pellets on the fungi Trichoderma asperellum TR3 and Trichoderma sp. Keywords: Trichoderma sp, Biological Agents, Formulations, Pellets Share Link | Plain Format | Corresponding Author (Ratnawati Ratnawati)

263	Integrated pest and disease management	ABS-190
The effect of tobacco leaf biopesticides on the development leaf blight Xanthomonas oryzae of rice Haryuni Haryuni1, Raden Soelistijono1, Achmad Fatchul Aziez1, Istinganah Eni Maryanti 2, Supartini Supartini 2 1Faculty of Agriculture, Universitas Tunas Pembangunan Surakarta, Indonesia 2Faculty of Economic and Business, Universitas Tunas Pembangunan Surakarta, Indonesia Abstract The staple food of the Indonesian population is rice, and the increasing demand for rice follows the increase in population, and one of the obstacles to increasing production is crop failure caused by rice leaf blight. Leaf blight is one of the important diseases that cause yield loss of almost 70%. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of concentration and interval of application of tobacco leaf biopesticides on the development of leaf blight in Ciherang rice varieties. This study was designed using a factorial completely randomized design, the first factor was the concentration of tobacco leaf biopesticides which consisted of 4 levels, namely 0 ml/l, 1 ml/l, 2 ml/l, and 3 ml/l, the second factor was interval Giving consists of 3 levels. i.e. every 5 days, 10 days, and 15 days. The parameters of the development of rice leaf blight observed were the number of grains per plant, the percentage of attacks and the intensity of leaf blight attacks. The results showed that the highest number of grains per plant, the lowest attack percentage, and the lowest attack intensity were in the T3D1 treatment. Keywords: concentration, leaf-blight, rice, tobacco Share Link | Plain Format | Corresponding Author (Haryuni Haryuni)

264	Integrated pest and disease management	ABS-193
Plot-based analysis of pest and disease infestation by UAV imageries Daniel Useng (a*), M. Tahir Sapsal (a), Haerani (a), Elvetta (a) (a) Dept of Agricultural Engineering, Hasanuddin University * Corr. Author: daniel.useng[at]agri.unhas.ac.id Abstract Identification of rice pest attacks is currently still done manually by looking at the condition of the invested plants. This is less effective because the extent of pest and disease infestation cannot be identified precisely due to limited human vision, time constraints, and funding. Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV) have been widely used in monitoring crop conditions as well as detecting diseased crops due to pests and diseases. This study aims to utilize the Standard RGB imagery obtained by drones to detect infested plants. The method applied field observations and mapping the infested area using GIS software. The results show that the percentage of area for attack by caterpillar stem borers is 9.62%, caterpillars are 2.88%, caterpillars are 10.57%, and planthoppers are 12.5% with some degree of severity. Keywords: Rice, UAV image, Pest and disease infestation. Share Link | Plain Format | Corresponding Author (Daniel Useng)

265	Integrated pest and disease management	ABS-211
Potential of Hexadecanoic Acid as an Antifungal Cause of Fruit Rot in Red Chili Capsicum annuum L and Tomato Solanum lycopersicum L. Eva Johannes (a*), Amran Laga (b), Magdalena Litaay (a), Mustika Tuwo (a), Henra (a) a) Department of Biology, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Science, Hasanuddin University, Makassar 90245, Indonesia *evajohannes[at]ymail.com b)Department of Agricultural Technology, Faculty of Agriculture, Hasanuddin University, Makassar 90245, Indonesia Abstract Minimal processing of fresh cut fruit is an alternative treatment that speeds up and simplifies the processing process, and reduces waste that can pollute the environment, but is easily damaged by fungi that cause putrefaction, so that the product experiences a decrease in quality and does not last long. This study aims to examine the potential of hexadecanoic acid isolated from hydroid Aglophenia cupressina Lamoureoux in increasing the shelf life of red chilies and tomatoes. The hexadecanoic acid used is isolated from the hydroid Aglaophenia cupressina Lamoureoux obtained from the Spermonde Samalona archipelago, Makassar. Concentrations used 10- 20- and 40 ppm for antifungal testing. Fungal isolation from Capsicum annuum L red chili and Solanum lycopersicum L tomato using Potato Dextrose Agar (PDA) medium characterized macroscopically and microscopically. Microbiological tests were carried out using the agar diffusion method on PDA medium after incubation for 48 hours and 72 hours. The results obtained by hexadecanoic acid are fungicidal against the fungus Aspergillus flavus on red chilies and the fungus Rhizopus sp. on tomatoes. Keywords: Aspergillus flavus- Aglaophenia cupressina Lamoureoux- fresh cut product- Rhizopus sp. Share Link | Plain Format | Corresponding Author (Eva Johannes)

266	Integrated pest and disease management	ABS-244
Morphological Diversity and Molecular Analysis of Phytothora palmivora Isolate from Three Districts Cocoa Planting in South Sulawesi Nur Hardina (*), Tutik Kuswinanti Departement of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture Hasanuddin University *[at]nurhardina_hpt[at]unhas.ac.id Abstract Phytophthora palmivora causes pod rot on cocoa plants, which greatly impacts on farmers, especially in South Sulawesi. Lack of further research related to morphological characters so that there are still limited references regarding the identification of P.palmivora pathogens on cocoa pods. The research was conducted by taking samples in three districts in South Sulawesi, that are Pinrang, Gowa and Palopo, showing a diversity of morphological characters both macroscopically in the form of fungus colonies in petri dishes and microscopically including the forms of hyphae, chlamydospores, sporangia and other characters that are characteristic of the P.palmivora. There were 10 isolates from 21 isolates obtained and showed different characteristics morphologically. The isolates obtained were then confirmed by Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) testing using specific primers Pa11s and Pa12a for P.palmivora species. The amplification results were at 650 bp indicating that the 10 isolates with various morphological characters were P.palmivora. Keywords: Phytophthora palmivora, specific primer, pod rot, morphological characters Share Link | Plain Format | Corresponding Author (Nur Hardina)

267	Integrated pest and disease management	ABS-246
Potential of endophytic fungi against Lasiodiplodia pseudotheobromae as a causal pathogen of black necrotic lesions on Theobroma cacao (1,2) Vietgar Membalik, (2,3) Asman, (4,5) Muhammad Yusril Hardiansyah, (2) Andi Khusnul Fatima Bahar 1. Wageningen University & Research, Droevendaalsesteeg 4, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands 2. Plant protection Study Program, Hasanuddin University, Makassar 90245, South Sulawesi, Indonesia 3. Cocoa Research Group (CRG), Faculty of Agriculture, Hasanuddin University, Makassar 90245, South Sulawesi, Indonesia 4. Global Agriculture Technology and Genomic Science, International Collage, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan 5. Department of Agronomy, Hasanuddin University, Makassar 90245, South Sulawesi, Indonesia Abstract As one of the effective agents controlling plant pathogens in cocoa, endophytic fungi have immense potential as biocontrol agents against Lasiodiplodia pseudotheobromae. This fungus can cause many diseases, including leaf blight, stem canker, and pod rot. The research aimed to determine the effect of the endophytic fungi on L. pseudotheobromae on the stem of cocoa seedlings. The streaks on the observed stems are vertical (V1 and V2) and streak horizontal (H1 and H2), starting from the inoculation area. A randomized block design consisting of six treatments and three replications was used in this research, with five different fungi isolates that belong to the Aspergillus genera. The treatment is three isolates of endophytes fungi (isolate T2S2LT, T245LT, T645LT), Aspergillus isolates combination, and control (with and without pathogen). The result showed that the clone with the lowest visible bar streak average on Clone S1, while the most effective treatment in suppressing streak symptoms on stems, was the T2S2LT treatment. Endophytic fungi can potentially be an important option to control stem canker. Keywords: Aspergillus species, Black necrotic lesions, Endophytic fungus, Lasiodiplodia theobromae, Theobroma cacao Share Link | Plain Format | Corresponding Author (Vietgar Membalik)

268	Integrated pest and disease management	ABS-249
Control Technology for Purple Blotch and Anthracnose Diseases Using Biopesticides and Local Varieties in The Rainy Season Ineu Sulastrini (a*) , Gunaeni N(a), Hanudin(a), Eli Korlina(a), Setiawati W(a), Hasyim A(a), Moekasan TK (a), Hartanto S(b) and BK Udiarto(a) (a)Research Center for Horticulture and Estate - Research Organization for Horticulture and Food - National Research and Innovation Agency, Bogor, West Java, Indonesia (b) Indonesia Vegetable Research Institute - Indonesia Center of Horticulture Research and Development - Indonesian Agency for Agricultural Research and Development, West Bandung, West Java, Indonesia. *Corresponding Author : cikole15[at]gmail.com Abstract lPurple blotch and anthracnose disease are the main diseases of shallots. The purpose of this study was to obtain an environmentally friendly technology for controlling purple spot and anthracnose on shallots during the rainy season. The design used in this study was a split plot design with the main plots of shallot varieties (A) namely Sembrani, Bima Brebes and Maja Cipanas. As a sub-plot is the use of fungicides, namely chemical fungicides, chemical fungicides and biofungicides are used interchangeably and biofungicides are used routinely. The results showed that the Sembrani variety had a significant effect on reducing the severity of purple blotch, anthracnose, and stemphylium disease compared to the Bima Brebes and Maja Cipanas varieties. The use of chemical fungicides continuously is comparable to the use of chemical fungicides and biofungicides which are carried out alternately in suppressing the severity of purple blotch, anthracnose and stemphyllium diseases on shallots in the rainy season. Control by using chemical fungicides and biofungicides that are carried out alternately can save the use of chemical fungicides by 50% Keywords: environmentally friendly control technology, purple blotch, anthracnose, shallot, rainy season Share Link | Plain Format | Corresponding Author (Ineu Sulastrini)

269	Integrated pest and disease management	ABS-250
Identification of Chitinolytic Bacteria Isolated from Ipomea Pes Caprae Rhizosphere Andi Khusnul Fatima Bahar (a*), Baharuddin Patandjengi (a), Andi Nasruddin (a), Vietgar membalik (a,b), Muhammad Yusril Hardiansyah (c,d) a) Plant Protection Study Program, Faculty of Agriculture, Universitas Hasanuddin, Makassar 90245, South Sulawesi, Indonesia b) Wageningen University & Research, Droevendaalsesteeg4, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands c) Global Agriculture Technology and Genomic Science, International College, National Taiwan University Taipei 10617 d) Department of Agronomy, Agrotechnology Study Program, Faculty of Agriculture, Universitas Hasanuddin, Makassar 90245, Indonesia Abstract Chitin has substantial benefits in several sectors including agriculture. In the plant protection field, chitin can promote the growth of certain bacteria which has possibly controlled the spread of fungal pathogens. Thus, chitinolytic bacteria producing chitinase enzymes can inhibit the growth of fungi. The purpose of this study was to examine the morphological and physiological characteristics of chitinolytic bacteria which collected from Ipomea pes caprae in Makassar and its ability to produce chitinolytic enzymes on medial culture. The method started to grow the isolates on the nutrient agar which were added to colloidal chitin. Furthermore, the bacteria were identified by its color, form, elevation and edge as well as tested its physiological characteristics with KOH 3% test and catalase test. In addition, bacterial chitinolytic index was carried out by using the disc diffusion method. The results showed that each isolate had yellowish white and grayish white colors- morphological characters: round and irregular colony shapes, colony edges smooth and choppy as well as umbonature and convex elevations. The physiological test results indicate that all isolates had a positive response in the catalase test, one of the isolates reacted positively to the gram test and the others reacted negatively to the test. Each isolate had chitinolytic activity with indices of 0.10, 0.09, 0.70, and 0.11. Keywords: Chitinolitic bacteria, Rhizosphere, Enzym Chitinase Share Link | Plain Format | Corresponding Author (Andi Khusnul Fatima Bahar)

270	Integrated pest and disease management	ABS-252
Isolation and Antagonistic Test of Fungi Associated with Pummelo Citrus against Botryodiplodia theobromae in Vitro Fadyah Khamila Sahlan (a*), Fitya Anggraeni Rusicha (a), Andi Alfian Darmawan (a) a) Plant pest and Disease Department, Agriculture Faculty, Hasanuddin University, Makassar 90245, South Sulawesi, Indonesia *fadyahkhamila[at]gmail.com Abstract Botryodiplodia theobromae is one of the causal agents of diplodia stem-end rot in pummelo citrus. Currently reported, indigenous microbes which are associated with plants can improve plant health by controlling diseases and promoting plant growth. This study aims to determine the potential of fungi associated with pummelo citrus in inhibiting B. theobromae in vitro. Identification of the fungus which associates with pummelo citrus is determined by observing the cultural morphological and microscopic characteristics. The antagonist test was carried out using the dual culture method. The collected data was analyzed with a completely randomized design with 13 treatments and 3 replications. The results showed that there were isolates of fungi associated with pummelo citrus which were identified as Trichoderma, Aspergillus, Mucor and Fusarium genera. There were 7 isolates of fungi which have the potential to inhibit B. theobromae which were from genera Trichoderma and Aspergillus. The antagonist mechanism that occurred in this study were competition and parasitism. Keywords: antagonist fungus, Botryodiplodia theobromae, inhibition, pummelo citrus Share Link | Plain Format | Corresponding Author (Fadyah Khamila Sahlan)

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