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31	Instrumentation in Astronomy	ABS-1
DEEP LEARNING-BASED SUNSPOT SEGMENTATION AND CLASSIFICATION USING GRADIENT FEATURES FOR MCINTOSH MORPHOLOGY IDENTIFICATION IN SOLAR IMAGERY Luthfi Naufal(a*,b), Dhani Herdiwijaya(a), Dwi Irwanto(b), Fargiza Abdan Malikul Mulki(a) a) Astronomy Research Grup, Bandung Institute of Technology Jalan Ganesha 10, Bandung 40132, Indonesia *Luthfi.naufal23[at]gmail.com b) Computational Science Study Program, Bandung Institute of Technology Jalan Ganesha 10, Bandung 40132, Indonesia Abstract The development of an automated method for detecting and classifying sunspots in solar images serves as the main focus of this study, with a machine learning-based approach as its foundation. The segmentation of umbra and penumbra regions is performed using deep learning architectures such as U-Net and DeepLabV3+, which are known for their effectiveness in recognizing complex morphological patterns. These architectures are considered mature models and have proven to be reliable in various image segmentation studies, making them a stable and dependable choice compared to several newer architectures that are still in the exploratory or developmental phase. In addition to segmentation, the system is also equipped with the capability to classify each sunspot based on the McIntosh morphological classification scheme, which is widely used in solar activity monitoring. The proposed method does not rely on conventional threshold-based approaches- instead, it incorporates additional features in the form of photon intensity derivatives (gradients) as input to the model. These features are extracted from multi-spectral data to capture more precise spatial variations, enabling the model to more accurately distinguish boundaries between the umbra, penumbra, and photosphere. The dataset used consists of 4096x4096 pixel solar images accompanied by semi-manual annotations in the form of three-class masks, as well as numerical data associated with each pixel. The outcomes of this research include pixel-level segmentation maps (labeled as background, penumbra, and umbra) and McIntosh class predictions for each sunspot. Evaluation of the model^s performance demonstrates improved accuracy in both segmentation and classification compared to baseline approaches. With the ability to automatically and accurately identify and classify sunspots, this system is expected to support real-time solar activity monitoring and contribute to the study of solar dynamics and space weather. Keywords: Sunspot- Deep Learning- McIntosh Classification- GPU- Parallel Computing- High-Performance Computing Share Link | Plain Format | Corresponding Author (luthfi naufal)

32	Instrumentation in Astronomy	ABS-16
Performance Evaluation of the SBIG Aluma AC4040 FSI sCMOS Detector at Bosscha Observatory Muhammad Zakky Aprianizar, Muhammad Yusuf, Dhimaz Gilang Ramadhan Bosscha Observatory, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Institut Teknologi Bandung, Indonesia *aprianizakky13[at]gmail.com Abstract We present preliminary results from the performance evaluation of the SBIG Aluma AC4040 FSI sCMOS detector, carried out in preparation for its integration with the LKBF-ITB telescope system currently under development at Bosscha Observatory. Key detector parameters were evaluated. Using the photon transfer curve, we measured gain values of \(0.973 \pm 0.002 \, \mathrm{e}^{-}/\mathrm{ADU}\) in high gain and \(19.896 \pm 0.155 \, \mathrm{e}^{-}/\mathrm{ADU}\) in low gain mode, with corresponding readout noise levels of \(3.837 \pm 0.977 \, \mathrm{e}^{-}\) and \(29.227 \pm 2.646 \, \mathrm{e}^{-}\). At \(0^{\circ}\)C, the detector exhibited stable RMS bias levels of \(91.399 \pm 0.012\) ADU in high gain and \(88.498 \pm 0.007\) ADU in low gain mode. Dark current rates were measured at \(0.23 \pm 0.002 \, \mathrm{e}^{-} /\mathrm{px} /\mathrm{s}\) and \(0.277 \pm 0.004 \, \mathrm{e}^{-} /\mathrm{px} /\mathrm{s}\) for high and low gain, respectively. These results show strong agreement with the manufacturer specifications and confirm the potentials of the detector for astronomical imaging. Further on-sky testing will be conducted to evaluate performance under operational observing conditions. Keywords: Instrumentation- Detectors- sCMOS Share Link | Plain Format | Corresponding Author (Muhammad Zakky Aprianizar)

33	Instrumentation in Astronomy	ABS-28
Telescope Handbox Design Based on Serial Communication with RS485 using Arduino Uno Microcontroller Board Rihhadatul Aisy, Amandaru Taruna Mandala, Maman Sulaeman, Mochamad Irfan Institut Teknologi Bandung, Bosscha Observatory Abstract Handbox of a telescope is a device that is used by an observer to control the movement of a telescope. Buttons that will always be found in a handbox consist of four directions, which are east, west, south, and north, with different speed configurations, which consist of guide, set, and slew, from the slowest to the fastest. However, not every telescope had already been built with a handbox, therefore, to overcome the obstacle to control a telescope from remote distance, we have made a handbox of a telescope which is based on serial communication using RS485 with Arduino Uno microcontroller board. When one out of four directions button is being pressed in a certain speed configuration mode, different 8 bit signal for each button will be generated, in which the signal itself will be sent to the microcontroller board that will be put on the mounting along with the RS485 serial communication device and move the telescope in according to the command of the user. Keywords: telescope, microcontroller, RS485, serial communication, handbox, Arduino Uno Share Link | Plain Format | Corresponding Author (Rihhadatul Aisy)

34	Instrumentation in Astronomy	ABS-37
Progress and Future Development of an SDR-Based Radio Telescope for Hydrogen and Hydroxyl Line Observations at Institut Teknologi Bandung Rafa Nanda Akilah (a*), Taufiq Hidayat (a), Agus Setiawan (b), Maman Sulaeman (b), Mochamad Irfan (b), Tian Ahmad Bayuadri (a) a) Astronomy Study Program, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Institut Teknologi Bandung Jalan Ganesha 10, Bandung 40132, Indonesia *rafa1nanda2akilah[at]gmail.com b) Bosscha Observatory Jl. Peneropongan Bintang No.45, Kab. Bandung Barat 40391, Indonesia Abstract This project focused on the development of a prototype radio telescope based on Software Defined Radio (SDR) for observing the hydrogen line (21 cm) and the OH line (18 cm), as well as monitoring radio frequency interference (RFI). The development of this instrument includes a signal reception system and a control system. The objective of this radio telescope is to create a practical and portable instrument while maintaining the quality of the captured data. The performance of this instrument is evaluated using its collected data quality, primarily on how the emission peak is captured and the noise floor level around the observing frequency. The instrument is intended for use at Institut Teknologi Bandung, with the hope of further development to support radio astronomy observations in two different directions, which are replicating the units to improve accessibility as an educational tool and scaling up the instrument in size to enhance the performance for more advanced use in research. The prototype has been successfully built and has captured the hydrogen line, while development for OH line observation is still ongoing. Keywords: Software Defined Radio, Hydrogen line, OH line Share Link | Plain Format | Corresponding Author (Rafa Nanda Akilah)

35	Instrumentation in Astronomy	ABS-51
Calculation Position of The Moon and Sun During Observation Hilal 26 June 2025 at Bosscha Observatory Using The Astronomical Almanac 2025 Khaulatul Azwari(a*), Maulana Hendra Pratama(a), Alfadiyah Zilda Rosa(a) a) Department of Atmospheric and Planetary Science, Institut Teknologi Sumatera, Indonesia *khaulatul.122290006[at]student.itera.ac.id Abstract Calculating the positions of the Moon and Sun prior to observing the crescent moon is important in order to facilitate observation. One source of accurate data that can be used in these calculations is the Astronomical Almanac. The Astronomical Almanac is an annual astronomical publication containing ephemeris data on celestial bodies, such as the Moon and Sun. The Hilal, which determines the start of the Hijri month, heavily depends on its visibility, specifically when the young crescent moon appears shortly after conjunction. This calculation is performed using a hisab-based method utilizing ephemeris data from the Astronomical Almanac 2025. The process of performing these calculations involves interpolation and correction of the observers latitude and longitude relative to the Right Ascension (RA) and Declination data of the Moon and Sun, as well as converting the time of sunset based on the observation location. The results obtained from these calculations will be used to assess crescent visibility parameters, such as the altitude of the Moon and Sun, azimuth difference, and elongation angle relative to the Sun. Keywords: Astronomical almanac- Calculation- Crescent Moon- Interpolation- Moon- Sun Share Link | Plain Format | Corresponding Author (Khaulatul Azwari)

36	Instrumentation in Astronomy	ABS-53
Gray Code-Based Absolute Encoder Design Using Arduino Uno and Its Application for the Hour Angle Axis of the Zeiss Double Refractor Telescope, Bosscha Observatory, Lembang Naila Atha Nuryaman (a), Maman Sulaeman (b), Mochamad Irfan (b) a) Astronomy Major, Institut Teknologi Bandung Jalan Ganesha 10, Bandung 40132, Indonesia b) Bosscha Observatory Jl. Peneropongan Bintang No.45, Lembang 40391, Indonesia Abstract One of the challenges in manual telescope aiming and control is the limited ability of the observer to accurately determine the angular position of the telescope in real-time. To address this problem, a Gray code-based absolute encoder system has been designed, connected to an Arduino Uno microcontroller board. This absolute encoder is designed to read the angular position of the hour angle axis of Zeiss Double Refractor Telescope at the Bosscha Observatory in Lembang, with fixed angular accuracy of up to 0.25 degrees of arc, or 1 minute of hour angle. The system uses a combination of optical sensors and a 10-bit Gray code disk to generate a unique digital signal at each angular position. This digital signal will then be read by the Arduino Uno, which will convert it into the actual angular value of the position of the telescope. By using this method, the hour angle position can be directly and accurately monitored and can be used as a basis for future integration of the motion control system of a telescope, especially the ones with similar mounting system as Zeiss Double Refractor Telescope. Keywords: Absolute encoder- Gray code- Arduino Uno- hour angle Share Link | Plain Format | Corresponding Author (Naila Atha Nuryaman)

37	Instrumentation in Astronomy	ABS-55
Steering Beams and Nulling Interference in a Radio Telescope Array Rizchel Masong, Perry Neil Fernandez, Paul Keenan Butt De La Salle University, University of Philippines Visayas, De La Salle Araneta University Abstract Radio astronomy observations are increasingly threatened by signal interference, especially at sensitive frequencies like the 1.4 GHz hydrogen line. Phased array antennas, which combine signals from many small antennas, offer a flexible way to solve this by precisely shaping their listening direction. This project presents the design and simulation of a digital control system for such an array, created to both track celestial objects and cancel interference at the same time. The system calculates the ideal settings for each antenna to point the main listening beam at an astronomical target while creating targeted ^dead spots,^ or nulls, in the direction of interference sources like satellites or terrestrial transmitters. We used computer simulations to model the array^s performance, focusing on the rapid calculations needed to scan the beam across the sky smoothly. A key feature is a null-placement algorithm that works together with the main beam steering, allowing the array to react to new interference sources without losing track of the observation target. Simulations show the system can accurately steer the main beam while creating very deep nulls that reduce unwanted signals. This approach promises to significantly improve the clarity of astronomical signals significantly, boosting the performance and data quality of modern radio telescopes. Keywords: Radio Astronomy, Physics, Instrumentation Share Link | Plain Format | Corresponding Author (Rizchel Masong)

38	Instrumentation in Astronomy	ABS-57
Telescope House Prototype with a Folding Roof Made of Membrane Fabric Mochamad Irfan Observatorium Bosscha, Lembang Institut Teknologi Bandung Abstract I have made the prototype of a house of telescope which has roof shaped like a half tube with membrane fabric as its material. The mechanism of opening and closing it can simply be done by folding the roof of the house. With this kind of design, the telescope can be pointed to the whole area of the celestial sphere with no disruption from dome turbulence. It is suitable for a telescope that be dedicated for fast-moving objects observation and sky survey studies. Keywords: telescope house Share Link | Plain Format | Corresponding Author (Mochamad Irfan)

39	Instrumentation in Astronomy	ABS-58
Beginner^s Guide for Operating the SBIG ST402ME CCD Camera Juniati Rodyarni Situmorang, Dhika Yudhityas, Mochamad Irfan Department of Atmospheric and Planetary Science, Institute Tecnology of Sumatera Abstract ABSTRACT CCD (Charge-Coupled Device) cameras are essential devices in modern astronomical observation due to their ability to capture digital images of celestial objects. This report discusses the introduction and operation of the SBIG ST-402ME CCD camera, including initial setup, installation of the CCDops software, and connecting the camera to a computer. To assess the camera^s performance, simple tests were conducted on key parameters: linearity and readout noise. Linearity measures the camera^s accuracy in responding to light intensity, while readout noise indicates the clarity of the data produced. The testing was conducted by capturing bias, flat, and dark images to determine the camera^s characteristics. The test results showed that the camera has good linear response, although the readout noise test was not performed due to time constraints. This report provides an initial guide for novice users to understand the basic principles of operation and evaluation of CCD cameras. Keywords: CCD, A guide for beginners Share Link | Plain Format | Corresponding Author (Dhika Yudhityas)

40	Instrumentation in Astronomy	ABS-70
Spectral Identification of Illumination Lamps in the Institut Teknologi Sumatera Area Using the Star Analyzer Muhammad Ikhwan Dzaky (a*), Dr. Robiatul Muztaba, S.Si., (b), M.Si.- Muhammad Isnaenda Ikhsan, S.Si., M.Si. (b) a) Atmospheric and Planetary Science, Sumatera Institute of Technology Jalan Terusan Ryacudu, Desa Way Hui, Jati Agung, Lampung Selatan 35365, Indonesia *sap[at]itera.ac.id Abstract Light pollution is one of the negative consequences of urbanization, impacting the environment, human health, and astronomical observations. Institut Teknologi Sumatera (ITERA), as an educational institution, also contributes to this phenomenon through the use of various artificial lighting systems. This research aims to identify and classify the spectral characteristics of lighting sources installed throughout ITERA. Data collection was conducted through night-time field spectroscopy using a portable diffraction grating star analyzer 100, mounted on a Canon EOS 5D Mark IV DSLR camera with a Canon EF 70-200mm f/4L USM lens. The recorded spectral images were processed using RSpec software to perform wavelength calibration, spectral intensity extraction, and emission peak identification. The results are expected to provide spectral profiles of various lamp types. Keywords: star analyzer 100, spectrum, light pollution Share Link | Plain Format | Corresponding Author (Muhammad Ikhwan Dzaky)

41	Instrumentation in Astronomy	ABS-74
Development of Radio Astronomy Infrastructure in Thailand: The Center for Radio Astronomy and Engineering and Beyond Koichiro Sugiyama (a*), Nobuyuki Sakai (a), Bannawit Pimpanuwat (a), Phrudth Jaroenjittichai (a), Apichat Leckngam (a), Wiphu Rujopakarn (a), Boonrucksar Soonthornthum (a), Busaba H. Kramer (a, b), Gundolf Wieching (b), Ewan Barr (b), Pablo de Vicente (c), Jose A. Lopez-Perez (c), Zhiqiang Shen (d), Jinling Li (d), Taufiq Hidayat (e), Zamri Zainal Abidin (f), Pham Ngoc Diep (g), and Saran Poshyachinda (a), on behalf of Center for Radio Astronomy and Engineering members a) National Astronomical Research Institute of Thailand (Public Organization), 260, Moo 4, Don Kaew Subdistrict, Mae Rim District, Chiang mai 50180, Thailand *koichiro.sugiyama.th[at]gmail.com b) Max Planck Institut fur Radioastronomie, Auf dem Hugel 69, 53121 Bonn, Germany c) Yebes Observatory, the National Geographic Institute of Spain, Cerro de la Palera, s/n, 19141 Yebes, Guadalajara, Spain d) Shanghai Astronomical Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 80 Nandan Road, Xuhui District, Shanghai, 200030, China e) Bosscha Observatory and Astronomy Research Division, FMIPA, Institut Teknologi Bandung, Jl. Ganesha 10, Bandung 40132, Indonesia f) Faculty of Science, Universiti Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia g) Vietnam National Space Center, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet, Nghia Do, Cau Giay, Hanoi, Vietnam Abstract The Thai National Radio Astronomy Observatory (TNRO), established in Chiang Mai in 2017 by the National Astronomical Research Institute of Thailand, advances radio astronomy and geodesy infrastructures in Thailand. Its centerpiece, the 40-meter Thai National Radio Telescope (TNRT), operates from 0.3-115 GHz, supporting diverse scientific studies like molecular/maser lines and time-domain astrophysics. Developed with the Yebes Observatory (IGN), the TNRT features advanced L-band and K-band frontends with a universal backend both developed by the Max Planck Institute for Radio Astronomy, enabling spectral line, continuum, pulsar, and very-long-baseline interferometry (VLBI) observations. Scientific operations commenced in October 2023, initially focusing on L-band observations. TNRT is envisioned as a key single-dish instrument and a future node in Asia-Pacific and global VLBI networks, enhancing regional and global capabilities for higher-angular resolution and higher-imaging-quality radio astronomy. Complementing this is a 13-meter VGOS-type geodetic radio telescope, completed the grand-opening in May 2025, developed with the Shanghai Astronomical Observatory. TNRO has evolved into the Center for Radio Astronomy and Engineering (CRAE), including an Advanced Radio Frequency Laboratory and plans for two more VGOS stations in southern Thailand within two years. These initiatives aim to realize Thai National VLBI Array (TVA), which will serve as a robust foundation for the establishment of a future regional VLBI network in Southeast Asia, known as South-East Asia VLBI Network (SEAVN), in collaboration with ITB in Indonesia with their newly constructed VGOS station, Universiti Malaya in Malaysia, and Vietnam National Space Center in Vietnam. Keywords: Telescopes- Radio continuum- Radio lines- Interferometers- Southeast Asia Share Link | Plain Format | Corresponding Author (Koichiro Sugiyama)

42	Instrumentation in Astronomy	ABS-80
Machine Learning for Integrating Ground-Based and Satellite Astronomical Data to Address Data Gaps Alfiah Rizky Diana Putri Department of Atmospheric and Planetary Sciences, Faculty of Science, Institut Teknologi Sumatera, South Abstract ^Ground-based astronomical data, such as astroclimate and light pollution measurements, are often used as ground truth. However, in equatorial regions, these data are frequently limited due to weather and cloud cover. This study explores the integration of satellite data from VIIRS-DNB, Luojia-1, and ECMWF ERA5 as training inputs for machine learning models, with in-situ SQM and weather sensor data as targets, to effectively bridge these data gaps. In this effort, better resolution in-situ data are made based on the relationship between the training and targets. Keywords: Machine Learning,Astronomical Data,Satellite Integration,Data Gaps Share Link | Plain Format | Corresponding Author (Alfiah Rizky Diana Putri)

43	Instrumentation in Astronomy	ABS-84
Low frequency radio telescope - a home built system from Vietnam H. B. Vo (1) , H. D. Han (2) (1) Vietnamese German University, Vietnam (2) Hanoi University of Science and Technology Abstract Naval Research Laboratory, USA built The Deployable Low-Band Ionosphere and Transient Experiment (DLITE) , it is a four-element interferometric radio telescope made from mostly commercial off-the-shelf parts to minimize costs and maximize ease of deployment. It operates in the high frequency and very high frequency (VHF) regimes, nominally in a 30-40 MHz band, but with good sensitivity (sky-noise dominated) in the 20-80 MHz range. Its configuration is optimized to probe ionospheric structure using the so-called ^A-Team,^ exceptionally bright sources of cosmic radio emission. Methods have been developed to track the apparent positions and intensities of A-Team sources without the need for beam forming to enable measurements of VHF scintillations as well as total electron content gradients. Time difference of arrival and frequency difference of arrival methods have been adapted for all-sky imaging to facilitate both statistical measurements of scintillation levels and time domain astronomy. The 50,000 USD cost of materials for DLITE has been reduced to a - 2000 USD system using low cost components. This study provides a detailed description of the system design, the analysis algorithms, and the science that can be conducted using results from a system in Vietnam Keywords: low frequency radio astronomy Share Link | Plain Format | Corresponding Author (hien vo)

44	Instrumentation in Astronomy	ABS-85
Characterizing Atmospheric Seeing Over the ITB Campus Using DIMM Naufal Muhammad Dzaky Widodo, Syauqi Nawawi, Eugene Timothy Clay, Fahmi Aziz Firmansyah, Luthfiana Sutarjo, Muhammad Zaki Gumilang, Cut Vanya Putri Azaria Astronomy Department / Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Science, Institut Teknologi Bandung Abstract Atmospheric seeing is a critical parameter in ground-based astronomy: it quantifies atmospheric quality, limits angular resolution, and factors into signal-to-noise calculations for optimal exposure times. At the Astronomy Department of Institut Teknologi Bandung (ITB), our small observatory is regularly used for student projects, yet no comprehensive study of local seeing conditions exists. Here, we report on an ongoing Differential Image Motion Monitor (DIMM) campaign to characterize seeing around the ITB campus from June to October 2025. Our preliminary analysis reveals a mean seeing value of 1.115 \pm 0.316 arcseconds, with ongoing investigations into (1) temporal variability, (2) its dependence on target altitude recognizing that airmass increases at low elevations, and (3) comparisons to the theoretical airmass power-law model S(X) = S_{0}X^{3/5} (where S_{0} is the zenith seeing and X is the airmass). These initial findings suggest strategies for optimizing observational practices at ITB and contribute to understanding urban seeing conditions in the tropics. Keywords: seeing, Differential Image Motion Monitor, time-series seeing, airmass, atmosphere Share Link | Plain Format | Corresponding Author (Naufal Muhammad Dzaky Widodo)

45	Planetary Science	ABS-5
Assessing and Mapping the Exogeodiversity and Beyond: Analogy, Current Concept, and Future Research Opportunities in Planetary Science Anugrah Aditya Insani, Didit Hadi Barianto Department of Geological Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Gadjah Mada Abstract Geodiversity has attracted increasing attention in geoscience studies since the 1990s. In the same period, planetary science has advanced significantly, supported by various space missions that have provided detailed observations of numerous rocky celestial bodies beyond Earth. This progress has stimulated the development of the concept of exogeodiversity which refers to the assessment of abiotic nature on rocky celestial bodies other than Earth. A wide range of applied studies related to exogeodiversity have emerged, including exogeosite assessment, evaluation of exogeodiversity values, the development of exogeodiversity indices and their methodological variations, as well as frameworks for exogeoconservation, exogeoethics for exogeodiversity management, planetary geoparks, exogeosystem services, and exogeodiversification in the context of planetary evolution. These concepts can be effectively implemented on rocky celestial bodies as long as adequate spatial data of their surfaces are available. Currently, the availability of spatial data varies considerably, encompassing digital elevation models, geological maps, geomorphological maps, and other thematic layers, with near-global to global coverage at various scales. Rocky celestial bodies for which relatively comprehensive geospatial data are available at present include Earth^s Moon, Mars, Io, Europa, Ganymede, and Titan. The opportunities for further exogeodiversity research remain wide open, supported by ongoing space missions and continuously updated datasets. Conducting exogeodiversity assessments can help identify areas with distinct abiotic characteristics, providing valuable information for exploration, scientific investigation, conservation planning, and the long-term sustainability of human life beyond Earth. As humankind expands its presence in outer space, understanding exogeodiversity is expected to play a crucial role in shaping strategies for resource management, exogeoconservation, and ethical frameworks for future interplanetary activities. Integrating exogeodiversity studies with planetary science will be essential for ensuring that exploration and utilization of extraterrestrial environments proceed responsibly and sustainably. Keywords: Geodiversity, Planetary Science, Exogeodiversity Assesment, Exogeodiversity Mapping, Rocky Celestial Bodies Share Link | Plain Format | Corresponding Author (Anugrah Aditya Insani)

46	Planetary Science	ABS-15
Investigating the Influence of Sunspot Numbers on Rainfall Variability in the Tropical Urban Area of Jabodetabek Izatul Hafizah (a*), Fahmi Iman Alfarizki (b) a) Geophysics and Meteorology Department, IPB University Jalan Raya Dramaga, Bogor 16680, Indonesia *izatulhafizah[at]apps.ipb.ac.id b) Hacktiv8 Indonesia Jalan Sultan Iskandar Muda No.7, Jakarta 12240, Indonesia Abstract Recent studies suggest that certain components of the Earths atmosphere, including rainfall variability, may be modulated by solar activity. Previous research in various regions has indicated potential linkages between sunspot numbers (SSN) and rainfall variability, although the characteristics of this relationship remain underexplored in tropical areas such as Jabodetabek, Indonesia. This study aims to investigate the relationship between solar activity, represented by monthly SSN, and monthly rainfall variability in the Jabodetabek region over the long term. The data include monthly SSN and rainfall records from three BMKG stations across Jabodetabek, covering the period from 1985 to 2024. The analysis is conducted in three stages: (1) exploration of long-term variability using time series decomposition, (2) lagged cross-correlation analysis to assess potential delayed responses of rainfall to solar activity, and (3) identification of time-frequency domain relationships using Wavelet Coherence (WTC). The findings of this study are expected to enhance understanding of the solar modulation of local rainfall variability and provide a preliminary reference for future research on astronomical drivers in tropical climate dynamics. The insights gained may also support climate adaptation and mitigation strategies in densely populated urban regions such as Jabodetabek. Keywords: Sunspot Number- Rainfall Variability- Solar Activity- Wavelet Coherence- Tropical Urban Climate Share Link | Plain Format | Corresponding Author (Izatul Hafizah)

47	Planetary Science	ABS-25
Constraining Low-Mass Exoplanet Properties in Resonant Orbits Using TTVFast and LSTM Models Muhammad Isnaenda Ikhsan (a*)(b), M. Ikbal Arifyanto (b), Taufiq Hidayat (b), Nindhita Pratiwi (a), a) Department of Atmospheric and Planetary Science, Institut Teknologi Sumatera, Jalan Ters. Ryacudu, Lampung Selatan, Indonesia *isnaenda.ikhsan[at]sap.itera.ac.id b) Department of Astronomy, Bandung Institute of Technology Jalan Ganesha 10, Bandung 40132, Indonesia Abstract Transit Timing Variations (TTVs) offer a powerful, indirect method for characterizing exoplanets, particularly in multi-planet systems near mean-motion resonances where gravitational perturbations are enhanced. This study focuses on small, Earth- to Neptune-sized planets-critical targets in the search for habitable worlds-whose weak gravitational influence makes them difficult to detect via radial velocity or direct imaging. In resonant systems, even low-mass planets can induce detectable TTV signals, making TTVs a uniquely sensitive probe for such planets. We investigate the potential of using machine learning-specifically Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) networks-to estimate key planetary parameters from TTV signals. LSTMs are well-suited for this task due to their ability to model temporal dependencies and capture the non-linear dynamics present in sequential timing data. We generate synthetic datasets using the TTVFast N-body integrator, simulating TTVs for two-planet resonant systems with small planets. Our model is trained to predict the mass, orbital period, and argument of periastron of the perturbing planet. Results show that the LSTM achieves high accuracy for orbital period, moderate accuracy for the argument of periastron, and lower accuracy for mass. These trends reflect underlying TTV degeneracies, particularly between mass and eccentricity, that complicate unique parameter recovery. While the effect of the argument of periastron diminishes in near-circular orbits, it can still produce measurable phase shifts in TTV signals. Overall, this study demonstrates the capability of LSTM models to efficiently extract planetary parameters from TTV data and highlights their potential for accelerating the characterization of small planets in resonant systems-key targets in the ongoing search for Earth-like exoplanets. Keywords: Transit Timing Variations (TTV), exoplanet, Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) Networks Share Link | Plain Format | Corresponding Author (Muhammad Isnaenda Ikhsan)

48	Planetary Science	ABS-29
STATION KEEPING DESIGN FOR SATELLITES IN SUN-SYNCHRONOUS ORBIT USING ECCENTRICITY AND SEMI-MAJOR AXIS MANEUVER CORRECTION METHODS Kiki Citra Wati*, Endang Soegiartini Astronomy Study Program, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Institut Teknologi Bandung. Jalan Ganesha 10, Bandung 40132, Indonesia. *10321040[at]mahasiswa.itb.ac.id Abstract Sun-synchronous orbit (SSO) is a low Earth polar orbit that enables satellites to observe the same region on Earth at a constant local solar time each day, making it ideal for environmental monitoring missions. The continuity of this orbit relies on maintaining a nodal precession rate of \(360^\circ/year\), which is primarily influenced by Earths gravitational harmonics, represented by the \(J_2\) coefficient. However, SSO satellites are also subject to various external perturbations such as lunar and solar gravity, atmospheric drag, and solar radiation pressure, which induce variations in key orbital parameters such as inclination (i), eccentricity (e), and semi-major axis (a). These variations alter the nodal precession rate, disrupt the consistency of local solar time, and degrade the accuracy of observational data. To mitigate this, a robust station keeping strategy is essential to preserve orbital stability in alignment with mission objectives. This study proposes a station keeping strategy for the LAPAN A4/NEO-1 satellite, an Indonesian microsatellite planned to be launched into SSO. The strategy focuses on correction maneuvers targeting the satellites eccentricity and semi-major axis. Orbital simulations over a five-year mission duration without any corrective maneuvers were conducted using the General Mission Analysis Tool (GMAT) to quantify changes in orbital parameters due to perturbations. The results show an accumulated nodal precession drift of \(11.539^\circ\) for 5 years. Several maneuver frequency scenarios (with intervals of 2, 4, 6, 12, and 24 months) were tested to evaluate the effectiveness of each in maintaining the target nodal precession rate of \(360^\circ/year\). The outcomes of this study will be compared with the station-keeping strategy using inclination maneuver methods that has previously studied for LAPAN A4 satellite to determine a more efficient approach. Keywords: Sun-synchronous orbit, station keeping, maneuver correction Share Link | Plain Format | Corresponding Author (Kiki Citra Wati)

49	Planetary Science	ABS-40
Morphology of Lunar Impact Craters with Diameters of 15-20 km Dewi Kamila Nurhasanah (a*), Endang Soegiartini (b) Astronomy Study Program, Faculty Of Mathematics And Natural Sciences, Bandung Institute of Technology Jalan Ganesha 10, Bandung 40132, Indonesia Abstract There are two main geological regions on the Moon, the Mare and the Highlands, which have different geological properties. Mare is a low lying area composed of basalt rocks, while Highland is a high lying area composed of anorthosite rocks. This study examines lunar impact craters. Lunar impact craters are formed by the collision of small celestial bodies with the lunar surface. The craters that form are classified into two main types, i.e, simple craters, which are craters without a central peak, and complex craters, which are craters with a central peak. The crater morphology studied involves craters measuring 15 to 20 km in diameter, a size range that provides variation between simple and complex crater types depending on surface conditions, located in the Mare and Highland regions. The data used in this study is a DEM from the Moon LRO LOLA SELENE Kaguya TC DEM Merge 59m, which integrates topographic data from LRO and SELENE (Kaguya). The analysis was conducted using QGIS and Python. The craters selected for this study are those that are not elliptical, have unbroken rims, and visible rims, or are classified as type A craters. These craters are located between \(60^\circ\text{N}\) and \(60^\circ\text{S}\) latitude. Based on these criteria, a total of 76 craters were identified, consisting of 68 simple craters and 8 complex craters. Overall, complex craters in the Highlands are deeper than simple craters in the Highlands and all craters in the Mare region. Keywords: Impact craters- Crater morphology- Crater morphometry Share Link | Plain Format | Corresponding Author (Dewi Kamila Nurhasanah)

50	Planetary Science	ABS-44
Searching for Exoplanets in the TESS Database T A F Muhammad1, A A M Rosyadi1, A Fidelis1, A R A Arafa1, F A Rachman1, M N S Al Baihaqi1, N M Zahra1, R Dzulfadli1, S R Hakim1, Z L Jannah1, A Szentgyorgyi2, L Puspitarini3,4 (1)Astronomy Study Program ITB- (2) Center for Astrophysics Harvard- (3) Astronomy Research Group and Bosscha Observatory FMIPA ITB- (4) PSTIA ITB Abstract The Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite searches for bright exoplanets and exoplanetary systems over nearly the entire sky. Since its launch on 18 April 2018, it has identified 7658 exoplanet candidates, of which only 675 have been confirmed to be exoplanets. Many of the remaining Tess Objects of Interest (TOIs) still require study to determine whether they are exoplanets or impostors. The remaining discovery space is enormous. We used the exoplanet reduction EXOFAST1 to study and subset of TOIs that are catalogued as potential exoplanets but have not been fully scrutinized. We describe our analysis approach and report on the results of our detailed study. Keywords: Exoplanet Share Link | Plain Format | Corresponding Author (Lucky Puspitarini)

51	Planetary Science	ABS-54
Imaging Lunar Polarization with Sony PolarSens IMX250MZR : A Monochrome CMOS Sensor with Polarization Filter Array (PFA) Lingga Hanum (a*), Dhani Herdiwidjaya (a), Firshanda Alvyanita (a), Santana Despon Solina (a) a) Astronomy Research Division, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Institut Teknologi Bandung, Bandung, Indonesia *Lhanum.journey[at]gmail.com Abstract Polarization is a physical phenomenon that describes the orientation of the oscillating electric field in a light wave. One common type of polarization is linear polarization, which occurs when the electric field oscillates within a fixed plane along the direction of propagation. In astronomy, polarization observations are crucial for revealing the physical properties and surface composition of celestial objects, including the Moon. This study employs a monochrome Sony PolarSens CMOS detector based on a Polarization Filter Array (PFA), specifically the IMX250MZR sensor (2448 x 2048 pixels). This sensor simultaneously records polarization intensity at four angular orientations 0, 45, 90, and 135 degrees. The detector is integrated with a The Imaging Source DZK-33UX250 camera and a Celestron 11 f/2.2 Rowe-Ackermann Schmidt Astrograph (RASA 11) V2 telescope, without additional filters. Polarimetric observations targeting the Moon were conducted at phase angles of -109.6, -87.54, -76.8, and 54.4 degrees. Raw images were processed via demosaicing using a weighted bilinear interpolation method. The separated polarization intensities at each angle were used to calculate the Stokes parameters (I, Q, U), which then generated images of the Angle of Linear Polarization (AoLP) and the Degree of Linear Polarization (DoLP). The systems performance confirms its potential for future lunar polarimetry studies aimed at characterizing regolith particle properties. Keywords: AoLP, DoLP, Moon, Polarsens, Polarization Share Link | Plain Format | Corresponding Author (Lingga Hanum)

52	Planetary Science	ABS-76
Analysis of the Effect of Solar Activity and Lunar Gravity on Earthquakes During the 24th Solar Cycle (2008-2019) Try to Submit This Sample Abstract Dhea Syiva Putri Iwata, Dhani Herdiwijaya, Udjianna Sekteria Pasaribu Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Bandung Institute of Technoogy, Ganesha 10, Bandung, Indonesia 40132 Abstract Earthquakes are seismic events that occur when energy is released from within the Earth^s crust. There has been much debate about whether solar activity, consisting of plasma and magnetic field components, and the Moon^s gravity influence the frequency and characteristics of global and regional earthquakes. Solar explosions can trigger electrical disturbances in the ionosphere through high-energy particles and electromagnetic radiation, affecting the conductivity of the Earth^s crust and making plates more prone to fracture and displacement. Some argue that the Moon influences seismic activity through tidal forces that add to the pressure exerted on the plates. This study aims to assess the relationship between the non-gravitational effects of the Sun and the gravitational effects of the Moon on the magnitude and epicentral depth of earthquakes on the Pacific Plate from 2008 to 2019, during solar cycle 24. Tectonic earthquake data were obtained from the USGS catalog, including a total of 60,267 earthquakes with magnitudes above 3. Solar activity data consisting of 18 plasma and interplanetary space magnetic field parameters were obtained from NASA^s OMNIWeb GSFC, as well as data on two lunar parameters. Partial least squares (PLS) regression was used to identify the solar and lunar parameters with the greatest influence on earthquake magnitude and depth. Keywords: earthquake, Sun activity, Moon tides, Partial least square Share Link | Plain Format | Corresponding Author (Dhani Herdiwijaya)

53	Public Outreach, Education, and Popularization of Astronomy	ABS-11
Exploring the Societal Impacts of Timau National Observatory, Indonesia Theofilus Hobba Pramono (a*), Pedro Russo (a) a) Leiden Observatory and Department of Science Communication and Society, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC Leiden, The Netherlands *thobbap[at]gmail.com Abstract We explored the societal impacts of the Timau National Observatory in Indonesia. The observatory, soon to be operational, is built in an underdeveloped region that, in return, grants pristine dark skies for astronomy observations. This situation highlights the need to understand how regional situation and the needs of the observatory affect each other. We explored and analyzed opinions from various stakeholders to comprehend perspectives and expectations on the observatory from multiple points of view. We found respondents mainly perceive the observatory as positive development with better economy as the most anticipated direct societal impact. On the other side, we noted challenges on regulation, cultural values and education. Some challenges exemplify contradictions between societal anticipations and the observatory as a scientific institution. Based on our findings, we propose a strategic communication plan to guide the observatory set impact goals to address its societal impact challenges and aim for the widest impact possible. Keywords: Communication- Timau National Observatory- Societal impacts Share Link | Plain Format | Corresponding Author (Theofilus Hobba Pramono)

54	Public Outreach, Education, and Popularization of Astronomy	ABS-17
Bridging Science and Community: Youth-Focused Astronomy Activities at Bosscha Observatory Ajeng Tri Handini, Yatny Yulianty Bosscha Observatory UNAWE Indonesia Abstract Bosscha Observatory occupies a unique position as a scientific institution situated within a residential community, presenting both opportunities and responsibilities in fostering meaningful local engagement. While upholding its scientific mission and commitment to public accessibility, the observatory recognizes the importance of fostering a harmonious and sustainable relationship with its neighbors. As part of this effort, the observatory has initiated an educational program that leverages play-based and interactive learning, particularly for children aged 5-12. These initiatives aim not only to spark curiosity and build confidence in STEAM learning but also to foster a sense of belonging and shared responsibility for the observatory^s legacy. By engaging young learners in accessible and enjoyable ways, Bosscha lays the foundation for long-term community support and involvement. Future directions include partnerships with local youth organizations (Karang Taruna) to co-develop inclusive, sustainable pathways for participation. This presentation will discuss the rationale, design, and impact of these programs and reflect on how early astronomy education can serve as a strategy for community integration and science communication. Keywords: Astronomy Education, Outreach, Science Communication Share Link | Plain Format | Corresponding Author (Ajeng Tri Handini)

55	Public Outreach, Education, and Popularization of Astronomy	ABS-19
Toward Inclusive Astrophotography: Exploration of Color-Adjusted RGB Composite Images for Dichromat Vision Using Siril Achmad Zainur Rozzykin (a*,b,c), Aditya Abdilah Yusuf (a) (a) Itera Astronomical Observatory, Institut Teknologi Sumatera, Lampung, Indonesia *achmad.rozzykin[at]sap.itera.ac.id (b) Department of Atmospheric and Planetary Science, Faculty of Science, Institut Teknologi Sumatera, Lampung, Indonesia (c) Space and Planetary Science Research Group, Faculty of Science, Institut Teknologi Sumatera, Lampung, Indonesia Abstract Astrophotography often emphasizes aesthetic and scientific value through the use of RGB filters, but the resulting images may not be equally perceivable by individuals with color vision deficiencies. In this preliminary study, we explore a method to process RGB astrophotographic images taken in Itera Astronomical Observatory into a composite that better approximates how dichromats perceive color. Using Siril, we adjusted the central wavelengths and relative intensity of each RGB channel to simulate the visual spectrum accessible to individuals with protanopia, deuteranopia, and tritanopia. The goal is to produce a composite image where contrast and structure remain discernible under dichromatic perception. This experiment is still in the early stages and has not yet undergone quantitative validation. However, initial visual assessments suggest the potential to enhance astrophotographic accessibility for individuals with color vision deficiencies. Future work will include perceptual testing and algorithmic optimization to refine this approach and explore its applications in inclusive astronomy communication. Keywords: Astrophotography- Color Vision Deficiency- Inclusive astronomy Share Link | Plain Format | Corresponding Author (Achmad Zainur Rozzykin)

56	Public Outreach, Education, and Popularization of Astronomy	ABS-20
Development of a FLIP CHART on Astronomical Events and other astronomical information Jastine Michaela Adduru Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical, and Astronomical Services Administration (DOST-PAGASA) Abstract This project integrated gender mainstreaming into science education and communication through Astronomy Education. The initiative focused on developing a gender-sensitive Astronomy Education tool for teachers to use in their classrooms. Over an eight-month period, the content of a flip-chart was continuously refined and curated to align with the published MATATAG Curriculum for the K-12 program of the Department of Education. The success of the project was measured by several key indicators: the number of Astronomy flip-charts with a Gender and Development (GAD) perspective developed, the quantity of flip-charts distributed, the number of participating schools and learners involved in the Information, Education, and Communication (IEC) campaign, and the overall satisfaction rating of the beneficiaries. The IEC materials produced from this project were designed for students, teachers, Local Government Units, and various other institutions. Keywords: Astronomy Education, gender mainstreaming, IEC Share Link | Plain Format | Corresponding Author (Jastine Michaela Adduru)

57	Public Outreach, Education, and Popularization of Astronomy	ABS-24
Beyond the Classroom: Government-Led Astronomy Education Outreach in the Philippines - Insights from DOST-PAGASA^s Programs Girlie G. Cortez a.) Astronomical Publication and Planetarium Unit, Space Science and Astronomy Section, Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration, Quezon City, Philippines b.) Assistant National Outreach Coordinator-Philippines, International Astronomical Union - Office for Astronomy Outreach (IAU-OAO) Abstract In the Philippines, the Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration (PAGASA) plays a crucial role in fostering scientific literacy and promoting astronomy across diverse communities. This paper examines the evolution of astronomy education and public outreach initiatives by PAGASA, highlighting its key programs before, during, and after the COVID-19 pandemic. Before the pandemic, PAGASA conducted in-person seminars, planetarium shows, telescope viewings, and school-based lectures, with National Astronomy Week (NAW) as its flagship event. However, the pandemic in 2020 led to a temporary halt in activities, shifting outreach efforts to virtual platforms. During this period, PAGASA leveraged webinars, virtual telescope viewings, podcasts, and enhanced collaboration with international organizations like the International Astronomical Union - Office of Astronomy Outreach (IAU-OAO) to maintain public engagement, allowing for broader participation across the country. Post-pandemic, PAGASA successfully integrated both physical and virtual outreach, expanding its programs to include international projects/events such as Global Astronomy Month, Asteroid Day, Women and Girls in Astronomy, 100 Hours of Astronomy, and World Space Week among others. This paper explores the evolution of PAGASA^s astronomy outreach strategies, its collaborations with other government agencies and international organizations such as the International Astronomical Union (IAU), and its role in making astronomy education accessible, inclusive, and engaging for Filipinos. By examining PAGASA^s experiences, this paper also provides insights in the importance of government support into the effective implementation of astronomy education and outreach initiatives, as well as transformative impact of astronomy outreach in inspiring future generations and fostering astronomically curious society in the Philippines. Keywords: Public Outreach and Education, IAU-OAO Share Link | Plain Format | Corresponding Author (Girlie Cortez)

58	Public Outreach, Education, and Popularization of Astronomy	ABS-35
Integrating Light Pollution Literacy into Environmental Education in Elementary School Luthfiandari (a), H R T Wulandari (a, b), K Vierdayanti (a, b), Aprilia (a, b), Y Yulianty (a), A T Handini (a), D Rosleine (c), A R Khalishah (c), A Simokar (c), L P P Wulandari (d), K Z Hasnaningtyas (d), W T Salam (d), F A Firmansyah(d) and C D Khalisha (d) (a) Bosscha Observatory, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Institut Teknologi Bandung, Indonesia (b) Astronomy Research Group, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Institut Teknologi Bandung, Indonesia (c) Ecology Research Group, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Institut Teknologi Bandung, Indonesia (d) Undergraduate Program in Astronomy, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Institut Teknologi Bandung, Indonesia Abstract Bosscha Observatory, the oldest modern astronomical observatory in Indonesia, is currently facing significant challenges due to the escalating light pollution from the nearby urban areas of Lembang and Bandung. The resulting skyglow has reduced observational capabilities, particularly for low-altitude celestial objects. As part of an education-focused mitigation strategy, Bosscha Observatory, in collaboration with ITB^s Astronomy and Ecology Research Groups, developed a thematic light pollution education program for SDN Pancasila Lembang, a model school in the local network. The program is integrated into the Environmental Education (Pendidikan Lingkungan Hidup) subject, particularly under the topic of Pollution. Learning materials and activities were developed through interdisciplinary collaboration involving astronomers, biologists, teachers, and university students, using a contextual approach. This program represents the first initiative to incorporate the issue of light pollution into Environmental Education at the elementary school level through direct collaboration with a scientific institution. It is designed to enhance students^ conceptual understanding while cultivating critical awareness and a proactive engagement toward environmental issues. The initiative is intended to serve as a scalable model for schools in Bandung and other major urban areas, contributing to long-term efforts in environmental literacy and the mitigation of light pollution. Keywords: Light Pollution, Elementary School, Environmental Education Share Link | Plain Format | Corresponding Author (Luthfiandari Luthfiandari)

59	Public Outreach, Education, and Popularization of Astronomy	ABS-39
Speaking the Same Sky: Indonesia Astronomy Dictionary as a SEA Model Avivah Yamani (a*), Wicak Soegijoko (a,b), Hakim L. Malasan (c,d), Ivan Lanin (e) (a) langitselatan, * avivah[at]langitselatan.com (b) PT. Konsultan Satelit Indonesia, (c) KK Astronomi, FMIPA, ITB, (d) Prodi Sains Atmosfer dan Keplanetan, ITERA, (e) Narabahasa Abstract Indonesian astronomy is growing quickly: new facilities are being built and opened, public interest is rising, and sky events now drive busy news cycles. To keep pace, we need a shared, reliable set of words. Without it, translations slow down, myths spread, and teachers, journalists, science communicators, public outreach officers, and the public encounter different terms for the same terminology. In education, a science dictionary provides a stable, curriculum-aligned reference that keeps textbooks, teacher training, and media on the same page. Clear, plain-language definitions and examples also lower cognitive load and support multilingual classrooms. We present an end-to-end approach in Indonesia as a model for Southeast Asia. Stage 1 builds Kamus Astro (Astronomy Dictionary), a community glossary that compiles astronomy terminology, provides Indonesian terminology, and adds clear definitions. Stage 2 submits those terms to the Terminology Commission Meeting organized by the Language Agency (Badan Bahasa) under the Ministry of Primary and Secondary Education of Indonesia, where linguists, scientists, and educators agree on precise, readable Indonesian terminology. Approved entries are submitted to PASTI, the national terminology platform, and will anchor an official Astronomy Dictionary maintained by Badan Bahasa. Formal terminology matters because it creates trusted references for classrooms, newsrooms, public talks, museum labels, and public-facing science communication. Standardized Indonesian terminology brings consistency across communities and the general public. We invite SEAAN partners to collaborate on co-create bilingual/multilingual term packs, a shared rapid-response lexicon for eclipses, misinformation, basic astronomy, and facility news, and a light, cross-border process to keep updates aligned. The result is faster, clearer communication, and a strong bridge from research to classroom to media, built on common, well-documented language. Keywords: astronomy terminology- astronomy dictionary- astronomy terminology- Kamus Astro- science communication Share Link | Plain Format | Corresponding Author (Avivah Yamani)

60	Public Outreach, Education, and Popularization of Astronomy	ABS-71
The story of amateur astronomy in Vietnam Tan Vu Nguyen Vietnamese Astronomical Society (VAS) Abstract This presentation tells the not-so-long yet so dramatic story of the association of amateur astronomy in Vietnam. Since the early years of the twenty-first century, there have been three attempts to unite amateur astronomers in Vietnam. Being carried out by different stakeholders, these efforts naturally have different end goals, but all aim to promote and develop astronomy in Vietnam. In fact, the efforts have contributed to the improvement of the state of astronomy in the S-shaped country. The presentation also shares the lessons learnt from the first two unsuccessful initiatives, an online platform and an ambitious national project, and what it means for the third, or the current ^incarnation^, named Vietnam Amateur Astronomy Network (VAAN). First and foremost, the focus should always be on the primary beneficiaries: amateur astronomers in Vietnam (and beyond). The creation of a national society for amateur astronomers should not create more problems for the participating amateur astronomical societies. The next crucial lesson is about trust and capacity building. Among the lessons also lies the value of patience and perseverance, especially given the quite complex local context of Vietnam. Without a strong national society for professional astronomers, the Vietnamese Astronomical Society (VAS), the road towards a united organisation for amateur astronomers has proven to be a mission impossible in this country. Last but not least, it is also crucial to utilise external resources from outside the country, specifically the support from the International Astronomical Union (IAU), through the Office for Astronomy Outreach (OAO) and the Office of Astronomy for Development (OAD). A quarter century is undoubtedly a short period of time on a cosmic scale, but it is quite a long journey for the Vietnamese community of amateur astronomers. The future is yet to be seen, and VAAN is entering its second year since its foundation last summer. However, many things have changed for the better, such as the development of astronomy research, along with astronomy education and public outreach in Vietnam. Perhaps the third time is really a charm? Keywords: vietnam, amateur astronomers, amateur astronomy Share Link | Plain Format | Corresponding Author (Tan Vu Nguyen)

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