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31	Electric System, Drives, Motors, Machinery	ABS-6
Design and Testing a lightweight Electric Trike with Triple Hybrid Power Sources Ganesha Tri Chandrasa (a,b)*, Barman Tambunan (b), Soedibyo (a) a) Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember, Dept. of Electrical Engineer , FTEIC-ITS , Kampus ITS, Keputih, Kecamatan Sukolilo, Surabaya, Jawa Timur 60111 *gane001[at]brin.go.id b) Research Center for Energy Conversion and Conservation - National Research and Innovation Agency (PRKKE-BRIN), Kawasan Puspiptek, Tangerang Selatan 15314, Indonesia Abstract This paper propose a novel design of a lightweight electric trike vehicle which is a low speed stainless steel flywheel energy storage (FES) , Proton Exchange membrane fuelcell (PEMFC) and a lithium battery pack as multiple power source are combined . For the design, 48 Volt, 500 Watt BLDC electric motor, base on hall sensor throttle and controller been used. The Hydrogen use has 99,99% purity, variety of H2 pressure from 10-35 psi used. The prototype trike has been built, tested on a dynamometer, and analyzed. The test result shown that the designated flywheel can improve the performance of the vehicle as well as to optimize fuellcell to supply power traction, and longer journey. Keywords: Battery, Flywheel, Electric Trike Vehicle, Fuelcell, BLDC Share Link | Plain Format | Corresponding Author (Ganesha Tri Chandrasa)

32	Electric System, Drives, Motors, Machinery	ABS-13
Reducing of Cogging Torque in Segmented Permanent Magnet BLDC Motor IPM V-Shape by Skewing Stator Dewi Rianti Mandasari- Lia Amelia- Arga Iman Malakani- Agus Krisnowo- Cuk Supriyadi Ali Nandar National Research and Innovation Agency of Republic Indonesia Abstract Abstract. The Cogging Torque on Brushless DC (BLDC) Motor, in this case on the Internal Permanent Magnet V-Shape motor, causes torque ripple and speed fluctuations. This can interfere with motor operating performance because the motor will not rotate smoothly due to noise and vibration, especially at low rpm. Therefore, the cogging torque must be reduced or eliminated so that the operating performance of the BLDC motor IPM V-Shape that has been designed and built can be better. Several studies have shown various ways to reduce or eliminate cogging torque. This paper will analyze and apply one of the methods to eliminate cogging torque, which is the Skew Method on the stator of the BLDC motor IPM V-Shape through FEA (Finite Element Analysis) simulation using ANSYS Maxwell. The motor^s torque, speed, and efficiency will be analyzed to know the effectiveness of the Skew Method on the stator of BLDC Motor IPM V-Shape. The result shows that the Skew Method in the BLDC Motor IPM V-Shape can reduce more than 90% of cogging torque and produce a motor design that has good performance. Keywords: Cogging Torque, BLDC IPM V-Shape, Skew Method Share Link | Plain Format | Corresponding Author (Arga Iman Malakani)

33	Electric System, Drives, Motors, Machinery	ABS-31
Analysis of Torque Ripple, Magnetic Field, and Duty Cycle Optimization on 450W 8/6 Switched Reluctance Motor using Finite Element Method Muhammad R. Fabio, Jihad Furqani, Syarif Hidayat, Umar Khayam Bandung Institute of Technology Abstract This paper discusses the torque and magnetic field characteristics on Switched Reluctance Machine when excited with smoothed trapezoidal current at its winding. Switched Reluctance Motor observed in this paper is 450W, 8/6 type switched reluctance machine commonly used in household applications. To observe the torque ripple electric field distribution on the design of this motor, finite element method is used. The simulation result suggests, an average torque of 3.1 Nm per electric cycle and ripple of 5Nm. The maximum magnetic field interaction happens the highest at angle 2.75o from its starting point. Duty cycle effect is observed to see the correlation of duty cycle and developed torque. 22% duty cycle is chosen as most suitable choice to drive switched reluctance model due to its optimal torque ripple characteristics. It is concluded then, the characteristic of this simulation is valid for further study of this machine. Keywords: Switched Reluctance Motor, Rotor Shape, Finite Element Method Share Link | Plain Format | Corresponding Author (Fabio Muhammad)

34	Electric System, Drives, Motors, Machinery	ABS-37
Digital Twin in Electric Vehicles: Enabling Technologies and State of the Art Imron Rosyadi (a*)(b), Yul Yunazwin Nazaruddin (c)(d) a) Doctoral Program of Engineering Physics, Faculty of Industrial Technology, Institut Teknologi Bandung, Bandung, Indonesia b) Electrical Engineering Department, Universitas Jenderal Soedirman, Purwokerto, Indonesia *imron.rosyadi[at]unsoed.ac.id c) Instrumentation and Control Research Group, Department of Engineering Physics, Institut Teknologi Bandung, Bandung, Indonesia d) National Center for Sustainable Transporation Technology, CRCS Building, 2nd Floor, Institut Teknologi Bandung, Bandung, Indonesia Abstract Electric vehicle adoption has been overgrown in recent years. The market growth of electric vehicles increases competition. The automotive industry must produce electric vehicles faster and provide better maintenance services to increase competitiveness. Effective design and consumer services are critical to the success and long-term sustainability of the automotive industry. The development of digital twin technologies potentially provides automotive industries with effective design processes and better maintenance services for consumers. A digital twin is a synchronous representation of a physical entity. The twin is continually updated with the recent data of its physical system. This paper aims to analyze the enabling technologies and state of the art of digital twin in electric vehicles. A review of the digital twin^s recent research and implementation is presented in the paper. The review includes a systematic classification of the research and implementation into the specific aspect of the electric vehicle, such as the vehicle sub-systems and vehicle health management. Keywords: digital twin- electric vehicles- health management Share Link | Plain Format | Corresponding Author (Imron Rosyadi)

35	Electric System, Drives, Motors, Machinery	ABS-53
Performance Analysis and Design of 250 Watt Outer Rotor BLDC Motor for Urban Electric Bicycles Adzhani Zalfa Aliyadin- Agus Purwadi- Syarif Hidayat Bandung Institute of Technology Abstract This reseacrh is carried out related to the winding design of a BLDC motor for electric bicycles. Using a Bafang BLDC hub motor as a reference motor, which has a 18 slot-20 pole configurations, a reverse-engineering process is carried out to obtain a more optimal design. An analysis is done related to the effect of each winding parameter on motor performance. Based on this analysis and the criteria for e-bike BLDC, a winding design is proposed. The design criteria for electric bicycles BLDC are determined from the needs of the rider, government regulations, and physical limitations. The proposed design is compared with the reference design in regard to its performance. Finally, an analysis of the magnetic flux distribution was carried out for the proposed design. Based on the experiment, it was found that the proposed design has better performance than the reference design. It was found that the proposed design has the ability to generate 250 watts of constant power for a wider speed range, and has higher efficiency. Keywords: BLDC, electric bicycles, winding design, FEM analysis Share Link | Plain Format | Corresponding Author (Adzhani Zalfa Aliyadin)

36	EV Body, Chassis, and Platform	ABS-10
Lightweight design and structural analysis of an electric bike chassis using finite element method Towhidul Islam(a*), Farzana Ahsan(b), Abu Saleh Mohammad Musa(c), Shakik Ahnaf(d) a)Military institute of Science and Technology b)Military institute of Science and Technology c)Military institute of Science and Technology d)Military institute of Science and Technology Abstract Electric vehicles are the best alternative right now to vehicles using fossil fuel as they are more environment friendly and cost effective. One of the primary sources of pollution in urban areas is the two-wheeler traffic. These exhaust emissions contain various toxic components, which are associated with severe adverse health effects, including premature death, respiratory symptoms, impaired lung function, and cardiovascular diseases. The emissions from bikes running on petrols have an adverse effect on the air quality. Besides electrical components are less susceptible to wear and tear than mechanical counterparts making it more economical. Chassis is one of the most important parts of the bike as it carries a significant amount of weight of the vehicle and also supports the vehicle. Designing a lightweight chassis can lead to lower fuel consumption, harmful emissions. It also effects the handling and acceleration of a vehicle. Recently, magnesium alloys and aluminum alloys have become popular in manufacturing automotive parts including chassis. But there have been little research regarding use of composite materials in manufacturing automotive parts. In this paper, finite element method was used to compare the deformation and stress of different alloys and composite materials to find out the superior material among them to build a electronic bike chassis. Keywords: Materials, Modeling, Simulation, Mechanics, vehicle, ev chassis Share Link | Plain Format | Corresponding Author (Towhidul Islam)

37	EV Body, Chassis, and Platform	ABS-55
Analysis Of Suspension Spring Rate on Body Roll of Sports Car Using Multi-Body Dynamics Method Ismoyo Haryanto, Ojo Kurdi, Toni prahasto, Shukri Yob, Ian Yulianti and Mush^ab Universitas Diponegoro Abstract The suspension system was created to reduce the shock received from the contours of the road surface and absorb the forces due to vehicle dynamics including when he cornered. When the vehicle corners, there is a load transfer that causes the vehicle to lean towards the outside of the corner or commonly called body roll. The body roll that occurs affects the ride and performance of the vehicle. In this study, an analysis of the effect of the spring rate of suspension spring on sport car body roll will be carried out using the Multi-Body Dynamics (MBD) method to produce output in the form of roll angle, roll rate and roll center. The types of MBD analysis used are Static Roll Analysis and Step Steer Analysis in Altair MotionView software. The reference vehicle used is a Toyota 86 sports car with variations in the spring rate of suspension springs of 59, 70, and 78 N /mm. From the tests carried out, the results were obtained that the greater the spring rate value of a suspension spring, the less body roll behavior that occurs will be so that the vehicle is more stable when cornering. Keywords: spring rate, spring stiffnes, body roll, MotionView Share Link | Plain Format | Corresponding Author (Ojo Kurdi)

38	EV Body, Chassis, and Platform	ABS-56
Design of Multipoint Weighing in Three- Dimensional Object Center of Mass Measurement System Based on Raspberry pi Nuryanti (a*), Afaf Fadhil Rifa^i (a), Mochamad Rivaldo (a) Department of Manufacturing Automation and Mechatronics Engineering Bandung Manufacturing Polytechnic Bandung, West Java, Indonesia *nuryanti[at]ae.polman-bandung.ac.id Abstract Electric motorcycles have a very simple machine construction consisting of a battery, controller and drive motor. The placement of these components affects the center of mass, where all the weight of the motor is centered in one meeting point or motor weight point. The problem of determining the position of the center of mass when converting a fuel motor to an electric motor is one of the things that must be resolved. To solve these problems, a center of mass measurement system is made using the multipoint weighing method with 4 load cell sensors, the center of mass of an object can be determined by placing the measuring platform under the object to be measured and the position of the center of mass is obtained from the difference in mass measurements at the four load cell points. Sensor reading data is sent to raspberry pi from Arduino nano using serial communication and measurement results are displayed using Node-Red as a user interface. The Mass Center Measurement System was successfully implemented with the multipoint weighing method. The best position for mass measurement by varying the nominal load at the same interval is in the center of the platform with a percentage error rate of 0.00% and a repeatability value of 0.002. The results of testing the center of mass with validated objects obtained the percentage level of error of the measuring instrument below the permissible error limit of 10% and the percentage of success of measuring the center of mass of 95.39%. The measurement results of the motor center of mass before and after conversion obtained the deviation value of the center of mass based on the x coordinate of 2.24 cm, based on the y coordinate of 2.34 cm, and the height of the center of mass has a deviation of 1.53 cm. The position of the motor center of mass after conversion isstill within the ideal area Keywords: Center of Mass, Multipoint Weighing, Load Cell, Raspberry Pi, Arduino Share Link | Plain Format | Corresponding Author (Nuryanti Nuryanti)

39	EV Body, Chassis, and Platform	ABS-61
Study of Various Hybrid Composite Materials and Geometries for Battery Pack Protection Undergoing Ground Impact Loading Muhammad Ahdalula Rayhanfasya (a), Sigit Puji Santosa (b) a) Faculty of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Institut Teknologi Bandung Bandung, Indonesia *pasha[at]students.itb.ac.id b) National Center for Sustainable Transportation Technology Institut Teknologi Bandung Bandung, Indonesia b) PT PINDAD Jl. Gatot Subroto 517 Bandung, Indonesia, 40285 Abstract Nowadays, electric vehicles (EV) are developed at a very fast pace. Currently, the batteries that are used in EVs are lithium-ion cells with different shapes and configurations. However, the ground impact caused by road debris can hit and penetrate the battery pack and results in a very severe fire accident. To study the ground impact accidents, a simplified finite element model of the battery pack structure using typical cylindrical 21700 cells, and floor-type architecture is analysed. Based on this model, the protection structure is improved using different core geometry and fibre metal laminate material arrangements. The evaluated criteria are battery shortening and specific energy absorption (SEA) of the protective plate. Studies are conducted to investigate the effect of different arrangements of composite layer, thickness of the composite layer, different load cases, thickness of the metal core, and different composite materials. The model is validated using the energy method. Simulation results show that adding composite backplate results in a lower battery shortening. The thinner composite layer also improves SEA while still maintaining safe battery shortening. Two load cases are also evaluated for chosen models to ensure that the protection structure is still effective. Thinner unidirectionally stiff double hull (USDH) thickness also improves SEA, up to a point where battery shortening increases significantly. Finally, changing glass fibre reinforced polymer (GFRP) material to carbon fibre reinforced polymer (CFRP) improves both battery shortening and SEA, but not in a significant way that the cost increase is justified. In this study, the most effective design for the battery pack protection structure is a USDH metal core layer with (h:w:t) = (15.87:15.87:1) mm and a 1.2 mm GFRP backplate layer with quasi-isotropic lay-up. Battery shortening is 51.58% better, SEA is 150.54% higher, and structure weight is 40.59% lower compared to the baseline case. Keywords: battery pack- hybrid material- ground impact- protective plates- electric vehicle crashworthiness Share Link | Plain Format | Corresponding Author (Muhammad Ahdalula Rayhanfasya)

40	EV Body, Chassis, and Platform	ABS-68
Welding Joint Quality Simulation of Bus Frame Using Finite Element Method Ojo Kurdi, Ismoyo Haryanto, Djoeli Satrijo, Ian Yulianti, Yogi Adi Wijaya and Maharsi Anung Kesawasidhi Universitas Diponegoro Abstract Abstract. Many part of bus frame was connected by joint welding. These welded joints must be strong enough to ensure the safety of passengers when the bus overturns during an accident. To ensure the strength of this welded joint, it is necessary to test the joint. Testing can be done by experimenting directly on the connection or it can also be done by simulation using commercial software. Tests carried out must refer to standards that have been recognized by the international community. In this paper, a simulation will be conducted to test the strength of welded joints using the finite element method with reference to the UN-ECE R66 standard. The tests carried out on the bus frame are olcated at 3 points, namely the floor frame, wall frame, and bus roof frame. In the experiment, the object is given a force in the direction of a certain axis with a predetermined period of time until the object or object is deformed until a fracture occurs. The maximum stress value obtained at the stress point is used as data for the feasibility of the bus roll teest to operate. Tests were carried out experimentally and by simulation using the finite element method. The test result show that the fracture not occured at the welded joint both for experimental and simulation. It means that the welded joint is strong enough when the bus overtrns during the accident. Keywords: Welded Joint, Bus Frame, Finite Element Method, UN-ECE R66, Fracture Share Link | Plain Format | Corresponding Author (Ojo Kurdi)

41	EV Body, Chassis, and Platform	ABS-69
Gas Engine Design and Manufacturing of Range Extender for On Board Electricity Generation of Electric Vehicles Iman K. Reksowardojo 1), Furkan Jadid 2), Iwan Harianton 3), Widodo B. Santoso 4), Husaini Ardy 1), Aqil Athoilah 2) 1) Faculty of Mechanical Engineering Institut Teknologi Bandung Indonesia 2) Vehicle Production System Daun Biru Ltd., Indonesia 3) Manufacturing System Laboratory Politeknik Manufaktur Bdg. Indonesia 4) Research Center for Electrical, Power and Mechatronics, Indonesian Institute of Science Bandung, Indonesia Abstract This publication is a part of series research outcome documented to enrich academic finding on new knowledge development for public engagement. The Range Extender had been developed some years ago to fulfill new demand on electric vehicles that produce less pollutant to the environment, while the capacity of battery is still limited to the range of energy that vehicles used to operate. Utilizing Gas Engine has been decided to have less pressure on the combustion chamber and even less exhaust gas compared to the existing gasoline and diesel engines so that more light material can be used to produce such type of energy generation while the power and torque comparably similar. Final gas-engine development is not only to almost conversion achieve certain target of power generation but also more compact dimension and less weight that Range Extender can be manufactured for commercial purposes. Keywords: Range Extender components, charging station, energy generator, charged level, lighter material, gas engine. Share Link | Plain Format | Corresponding Author (Iman K. Reksowardojo)

42	EV Socio-Economical Impact	ABS-42
Preliminary Design to Overcome Range Anxiety in Indonesia Using the Quest Motors Electric Vehicles Ecosystem Niko Questera, Mochamad Vicky Ghani Aziz, Agus Purwadi Quest Motors, Quest Motors, Institut Teknologi Bandung Abstract The adoption of electric vehicles in Indonesia is still not growing fast. One reason is that users have a range of anxiety about an electric vehicle because of the lack of places to charge or swap the batteries. Besides that, there is still a debate about whether using a charging station or a battery swap station is best. We need to look at this problem from various points of view, including demography, geography, culture, and its impact on the socio-economy. We developed a preliminary ecosystem design of electric vehicles per demographics, geography, culture, and local problems in Indonesia. Our goal is to build this ecosystem with capital that is not large but has maximum benefits. Battery swap requires us to invest a lot of battery packs and the risk of damage to the pack. The charging station also requires us to invest in a place that is not cheap. We propose a mobile charger station, which patrols a zone, and is on-demand via an application. Moreover, it provides PLN electricity plugs (already everywhere) at hotspots, cafes, and other places. This solution at least has a smaller investment value of up to 10%also, results in charging locations everywhere, which indirectly solves the problem of range anxiety in electric vehicles. Keywords: Hyperlocal, Charging Ecosystem, Battery Lifespan, Infrastructure, Electric Vehicle Share Link | Plain Format | Corresponding Author (Mochamad Vicky Ghani Aziz)

43	EV System and Integration	ABS-3
Performance Testing of Electric Motorcycle Conversion Arfie Ikhsan Firmansyah1, Nina Konitat Supriatna1 ,Yohanes Gunawan2, Guntur Tri Setiadanu3, Slamet3 1National Research and Innovation Agency, 2Polytechnic of Energy and Mineral Akamigas, Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources (KESDM), 3Research and Development Agency of Energy and Mineral Resources (P3tek KEBTKE), Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources Abstract The process conversion of gasoline motorcycles to electric would be a solution reducing fuel imports and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. P3tek KEBTKE has been converted gasoline motorcycle to electric and tested the performance of converted motorcycle. The gasoline motorcycle has been converted to electric is NF11B1D M/T produced in 2010. The main process of conversion were replacing combustion engine with a electric motor type BDLC Mid Drive 2 Kw/72 V electric motor- battery capacity 72 V/20 Ah and electric motor controller 100 A/ 72 V. The method of performance test has testing initial gasoline motor and converted electric motor, which has used a dyno test to calculate power, torque and emission parameters. The road test of converted motorcycle on a flat contour to determine the energy consumption. The results test is gasoline motor decreased performance up to 35% before converted to electric and performance has increased 20 % after converted. Furthermore, the cost of electric energy source for converted motor is 9 times lower than using gasoline. This pilot has obtained SUT and SRUT certifications from the Ministry of Transportation, allowing government policies to be implemented. Keywords: Electric Motorcycle, Conversion, Performance Share Link | Plain Format | Corresponding Author (Arfie Ikhsan Firmansyah)

44	EV System and Integration	ABS-46
Performance analysis of vehicle-to-building system with smart-microgrid for energy backup in academic building Koko Friansa, Justin Pradipta, Irsyad Nashirul Haq, Reza Fauzi Iskandar, Edi Leksono Institut Teknologi Bandung Abstract This paper we design and performance simulation a vehicle-to-building (V2B) system for back-up energy in an academic building. V2B is a concept that EV as an energy storage system that discharging the EV battery when the buildings need power supply. V2B system also connected to grid and micro-grid such as PV array, BESS, and smart inverter to manage charge and dis-charge process for academic building load. The academic building load is a critical load that the electricity must be available for academic services. The load consists of lamps, computers, server, and air conditioning. Performance analysis of the system include battery autonomy time (BAT) and cost of energy (CoE) and using PVSyst and HOMER Grid Software for simulation. From the simulation results, BESS obtained using VRLA battery has BAT range in 1 hour 50 minutes to 3 hours 50 minutes. Then for V2B with lithium-ion battery obtained BAT range in 3 hours 50 minutes to 6 hours 30 minutes. This range is obtained by entering the maximum or minimum load amount of the load profile for one year. From the economic aspect, COE was obtained at Rp1,433/kWh for BESS using VRLA batteries, and Rp1,907/kWh for V2B using LGChem RESU lithium-ion batteries, respectively. Keywords: Building energy management, V2B, BESS, CoE, BAT Share Link | Plain Format | Corresponding Author (Koko Friansa)

45	EV System and Integration	ABS-58
Development of Range Enhancement Device for Personal Electric Mobility Mohamad Mirza Sadiq, Ahmad Zaid Syakir Mohd Yazsid, Ghulam E Mustafa Abro, Saiful Azrin Mohd Zulkifli, Bentang Arief Budiman Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, Malaysia Institut Teknologi Bandung, Indonesia Abstract One of the biggest obstacles to the adoption of electric vehicles is their limited operating range per full charge of the onboard energy storage. This issue is known as range anxiety - people are reluctant to depend on EVs due to myriad of reasons such as running out of stored energy , lack of charging facilities and the time it takes to charge. Much research has been carried out to address this concern- some propose combining conventional and electric engines for the best of both worlds, others propose strategically placing charging stations, still others propose using algorithms to determine the best route for the vehicle. This research attempts to implement simple current limiting mechanism for existing personal electric mobility (PEM) equipment such as electric scooter, which will track its onboard battery state-of-charge (SoC) and produce a new signal that controls the level of current provided to the motor. This can help to limit energy depletion from the battery and thus extend the scooter^s range. By using MATLAB-Simulink software, this study simulates a PEM and the current limiting mechanism. With the use of Arduino circuitry, this research involves tapping into the existing electric scooter to record and analyze serial communication between the user interface and motor controller, to limit the motor^s current and achieve longer range. Keywords: Personal Electric Mobility, Electric Vehicles, Range Enhancement, Current Limiting, MATLAB-Simulink Share Link | Plain Format | Corresponding Author (Saiful Azrin bin Mohd Zulkifli)

46	Lightweight Structure	ABS-9
Lightweight Design and Structural Analysis of a Wheel Rim Using Finite Element Method and It^s Effect on Fuel Economy and Carbon Dioxide Emission Towhidul Islam(a*), Shakik Ahnaf(b), Md. Muntashir Mamun(c), Abu Saleh Mohammad Musa(d) a)Military institute of Science and Technology b)Military institute of Science and Technology c)Military institute of Science and Technology d)Military institute of Science and Technology Abstract Wheel rims made of metal alloy have a considerable impact on the vehicle^s overall weight. Consequently, employing alloys in the design of wheels results in higher fuel efficiency and lower emissions of carbon dioxide. Weight reduction of vehicles also leads to better acceleration. Lightweight automotive design has been increasingly popular in recent years as a means of conserving energy and protecting the environment. The rim is an essential feature of the vehicle since it bears a substantial portion of the vehicle^s overall weight. A vehicle^s weight can be greatly reduced by using a lightweight rim. However, the impact of a lightweight rim on improved fuel economy and reduced carbon dioxide emissions has not been widely explored. In this study, a wheel rim has been designed and a finite element model has been developed considering radial load, where tire pressure has also been considered. A practical experiment with identical parameters had also been carried out. The values of equivalent stress, strain and deformation for a metal and an alloy which is steel and cast aluminum alloy (A356.0) respectively have been compared. In terms of structural stability, steel and cast aluminum alloy both have shown fairly similar results based on equivalent stress and deformation. However, the use of cast aluminum alloy has greatly decreased the rim^s weight as a result of their low density and high specific strength. Additionally, the aluminum alloy rim has shown superior fuel efficiency and lower carbon dioxide emissions. According to the findings, cast aluminum alloy rims are more feasible when building a vehicle wheel rim since they minimize the wheel^s and vehicle^s weight while maintaining structural strength. This leads to less fuel consumption, which can save fuel costs and is important for the conservation of energy. Keywords: Materials, Modeling, Simulation, Mechanics, vehicle, wheel rim, fea Share Link | Plain Format | Corresponding Author (Towhidul Islam)

47	Lightweight Structure	ABS-11
The Effect of Infill Angle and Build Orientation on the Impact Strength and Production Time of Porous Infill Structure Vincent Wibisono, The, Jaya Suteja, Hudiyo Firmanto Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering Department, University of Surabaya Raya Kalirungkut, Surabaya Abstract In developing a lightweight structure, the density of the structure can be reduced by converting a solid structure to a porous infill structure. Previous research had investigated that a triangular infill structure has the highest impact strength compared to other infill patterns. However, the impact strength of this structure may still be improved by adjusting other parameters without extending the time of production. This research goal is to investigate the effect of the build orientation and infill angle on the impact strength and the production time of the triangular infill structure. To achieve the goal, this research uses a 3D printing process to manufacture a triangular infill structure made of Polylactic Acid. Seven levels of infill angle and two levels of build orientation are used to find the effect. In this experiment, twenty-six Charpy Impact specimens are printed using the Fused Deposition Modelling machine. Each specimen is printed according to ISO 179 standard and tested by using a GT-7045 impact testing machine to measure the impact strength of the specimen. The results of this experiment indicate that the resistance of the on-edge build orientation to the impact load is better than the flat build orientation. The on-edge build orientation type requires less time to print compared to the flat build orientation type for each infill angle. The use of a 45-degree infill angle exhibits the highest impact resistance. To achieve the shortest time to print, the 0-degree infill angle is recommended. Keywords: infill angle, build orientation, impact strength, production time, porous infill structure Share Link | Plain Format | Corresponding Author (The Jaya Suteja)

48	Lightweight Structure	ABS-44
3D PRINTED POLYMER CORE AND CARBON FIBER SKIN SANDWICH COMPOSITE : AN ALTERNATIF MATERIAL AND PROCESS FOR ELECTRIC VEHICLES CUSTOMIZATION Muhammad Ridlwan (a*), Faisal Arif Nurgesang (b), Rahmat Riza (c) and Nur Muhammad Syafi^i (d) a) Department of Mechanical Engineering, Islamic University of Indonesia Jalan Kaliurang KM14, Yogyakarta, Indonesia *ridlwanm[at]uii.ac.id b,c,d) Department of Mechanical Engineering, Islamic University of Indonesia Jalan Kaliurang KM14, Yogyakarta, Indonesia Abstract Polymer 3D Printing technology can get product geometry quickly, make products in small quantities (< 10 pieces) and make products with a high degree of geometry complexity, but the mechanical properties are relatively low. Composite technology is a manufacturing technology that can produce products with relatively large dimensions ( >1000 mm) with high strength-weight ratio material that can be designed according to its application. In large-dimensional composite products, to add to their bending rigidity properties, a core layer such as a honeycomb is used, referred to as a sandwich composite. The manufacture of composite products is small in numbers, such as product modification or customization, to turn the design into a real product this composite process is relatively expensive, both in terms of material, labor, and processing time. The process begins with designing, then making patterns, followed by making molds, fabricating products, and finishing. The results of tensile and bending tests of sandwich composites with 3D printing product cores in this study showed that these mechanical properties were influenced by polymer resin and reinforcing fibers type, as well as the mechanical properties of the core, namely the type of filament polymer, core dimensions, and the parameters of the 3D printing process. The tensile strength of sandwich composite is significantly influenced by the tensile strength of the skin. As for the bending resistance, it is influenced by the role of rigidity of the core. Considering the advantages of geometry complexity ability of 3D Printing technology and the advantages of mechanical properties flexibility of composite, 3D printed polymer core sandwich composites are suitable for modification or customization of electric vehicle components. Keywords: sandwich composite, 3d printed core, carbon fiber Share Link | Plain Format | Corresponding Author (Muhammad Ridlwan)

49	Lightweight Structure	ABS-51
STRUCTURAL STRAIGHT-TAPERED TUBE OPTIMIZATION FOR BATTERY PROTECTION IN ELECTRIC VEHICLES SUBJECTED TO GROUND IMPACT USING MACHINE LEARNING Alvian Iqbal Hanif Nasrullah - Abstract Advances in current and future mobility have increasing significantly. The impact of increasing the number of mobility devices such as conventional vehicles has influenced the quality of environment negatively. This condition makes many scientists and researchers moved to explore the field of renewable technology so that future vehicles can escape the dependence on fossil fuels. One solution found is electric vehicle (EV). Even though EV is the best solution for environmentally friendly vehicles, in its development there are many challenges, such as requiring a high level of security for batteries as the main energy source for EV. However, batteries contain highly sensitive material and can explode when Lithium-ions are exposed to the air so this energy source must be protected from external interference. Therefore, an effective protective structure was developed, both in terms of weight and its ability to reduce external interference, for example, due to the ground impact. The case of impact loads that occurred was the throwing of gravel due to being stepped on a car tire and finally crashing into the bottom of the car. Therefore, this study aims to optimize the protective structure and determine the best topology using straight taper tube for the battery^s protective structure. The optimization variables are ratio of shell taper crashworthy components. The purpose of topology optimization is to increase specific energy absorption of battery protectors and minimize battery shortening. This optimization uses artificial neural network, genetic algorithms, multi-objective optimization, and TOPSIS methods. Keywords: crashworthiness, straight taper, topology optimization, battery, genetic algorithm, neural network, multiobjective optimization Share Link | Plain Format | Corresponding Author (Alvian Iqbal Hanif Nasrullah)

50	Lightweight Structure	ABS-52
Effect of process parameters on AZ91/SiC surface composites for lightweight E-vehicles Roshan Vijay Marode , Dr. Srinivasa Rao Pedapati, Dr. Tamiru Alemu Lemma Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS Bandar Seri Iskandar 32610, Perak, Malaysia Abstract Magnesium and its alloys are excellent choices for use in the automotive and transportation sectors, specifically for electric vehicles, due to their high specific strength, good damping capacity, and specific stiffness. The AZ91 is a desirable option among magnesium alloys for different applications due to its superior casting qualities.- however, the low surface properties and corrosion resistance are the critical bottlenecks for their wide applications. Therefore, the primary aim is to enhance the surface strength by fabricating AZ91/SiC Metal Matrix Composites (MMCs). Friction stir processing (FSP) is utilized to refine the microstructures and fabricate the surface composites without introducing any intrinsic flaws. Tool Rotational Speed (TRS), Tool Traverse Speed (TTS), Tool Pin length (PL), and Plunge Depth (PD) were chosen as parameters to investigate their effect on defects formation in base material with microstructural changes. The optimum process parameters reveal the improvement in the microhardness and refinement of the microstructure Keywords: Friction Stir Processing, Electric vehicles, Magnesium alloys, Surface Properties, Microstructure, Metal Matrix Composites. Share Link | Plain Format | Corresponding Author (Srinivasa Rao Pedapati)

51	Lightweight Structure	ABS-54
Experimental Study on the Compression and Buckling Properties of 3D Printed PLA Materials [1] Laela Nur Fitria, [2] Siti Zulaikah, [3] Bentang Arief Budiman*, [4] Djati Wibowo Djamari, [5] Muhammad Akhsin Muflikhun**, [6] Farid Triawan Sampoerna University, Institut Teknologi Bandung*, Universitas Gadjah Mada** Abstract The rise of advancement in 3D printing technology has made an intricate physical structure easily possible in fabrication. Hence, the mechanical properties and behavior of 3D printed structures are also indispensable to be comprehended and investigated. This work conducted compression tests on 3D printed Polylactic Acid (PLA) to examine buckling properties and behavior. The test was performed on the 10 mm diameter column structure manufactured with Fused Deposition Method (FDM) and espousing concentric infill pattern. Five variants of column lengths and infill densities were introduced to identify the critical buckling loads. The result of this work is expected to be immensely advantageous to PLA 3D printed structure fabrication and could be applied, for example, to the electric vehicle application that recently also evolved their components by using polymer 3D printed. Keywords: 3D printing, PLA, concentric tube, compression test, buckling properties, electric vehicle components Share Link | Plain Format | Corresponding Author (Laela Nur Fitria)

52	Lightweight Structure	ABS-62
Behavior of double and single square steel tube alloy composite subjected to bending Ahmed Saleh Alraeeini *,Ehsan Nikbakht*,Bentang Arief Budiman,Leonardo Gunawan 1- Department of Civil Engineering Universiti Teknologi Petronas 2-Institut Teknologi Bandung Siliwangi Abstract This study investigates the concrete filled double skin Tubular (CFDST) beam compared to concrete filled steel tubular (CFST) beam under pure bending. Normal concrete is used with the compressive strength of 35MPa and aggregate size ranging from 4.75mm-14mm. Thickness of all low alloy steel tubes are 2.3mm with outer and inner width being 100mm and 50mm, respectively. The results show that the ultimate strength of the CFDST beam was higher by 8.2% compared to the corresponding CFST beam. Furthermore, the energy absorption, ductility index, and initial flexural stiffness of CFDST beam were 38.6%, 38.3%, and 19.02%, respectively, higher than the corresponding CFST beams. Moreover, the results indicate that the aggregate size ranged from 4.75-14 mm used in this study is suitable for both CFST and CFSDT elements. Keywords: CFDST, CFST, pure bending Share Link | Plain Format | Corresponding Author (Ahmed Alraeeini)

53	Lightweight Structure	ABS-66
Thermomechanical Modeling of an Exhaust Manifold Intan K. Kushairi, Mokhtar Awang, Aidil Ab Rahman, Ichsan S Putra, Iman Kartolaksono Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS 32610 Seri Iskandar Perak, Malaysia National Center for Sustainable Transportation Technology Institut Teknologi Bandung Indonesia Abstract The commonly used form of transportation would mostly rely on road vehicles nowadays. A vehicle is a mechanism used to commute between different places with higher efficiency and less time consumption. A vehicle would usually consist of multiple working components and the engine is well-known to be one of the most crucial components in it. Although it can be considered as the most vital components in a vehicle the gaps of knowledge for an engine is still unlimited. It can be said that there so much more potential that can be explored for an engine to reach its maximum capabilities. Part of the perspective that should be explored would be to study the engine^s thermal properties. This paper aims to access the effect of varying temperature at the exhaust manifold under certain amount of time spans. The temperature varied from low to high and vice versa for 6 cycles. From the simulations, it was discovered that the exhaust manifold had undergone an alteration in the strain of the body^s elasticity. Due to that the displacement of exhaust manifold, load distribution and its direction have also been affected. Keywords: thermomechanical, modeling, exhaust manifold, engine Share Link | Plain Format | Corresponding Author (MOKHTAR AWANG)

54	Power Electronics and Its Applications	ABS-20
Solar Absorptivity Analysis of Perovskite Solar Cell Muhammad Azhar Aditama (a*), Poetro Lebdo Sambegoro (a) a) Faculty of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Bandung Institute of Technology Jl. Ganesa No.10, Bandung 40132, Indonesia *azharaditama18[at]gmail.com Abstract Solar energy is the most abundant renewable energy resource on Earth and arguably the cheapest renewable energy. The solar industry is a desirable investment, resulting in recent developments and breakthroughs-with silicon-based solar cells as the most common type of solar cell. Although silicon-based solar cell has a relatively high-power conversion efficiency, it has a non-environmentally friendly manufacturing method and is comparatively more expensive to make than other solar cell materials. Emerging high potential solar cell technologies with comparable power conversion efficiency as silicon-based solar cells will solve the challenges that silicon-based solar cells face. This new solar technology includes the prominent synthetic-manufactured perovskite material, whose performance can be enhanced further by implementing nanostructure architecture in the cell. As perovskite solar cells have been developing for a much shorter time than silicon cells and have already achieved efficiencies of over 20%, they are deemed the fastest improving photovoltaic technology. The structure of perovskite material has made it easy to enhance their technology continuously. They are also cheaper and simpler to manufacture than silicon. These advantages have made it one of the most attractive light absorbing materials of recent times. This research covers the significance of the emerging nanostructure perovskite material. This research also covers the theory of electromagnetic waves, optical properties, and solar cell material. The primary purpose of this research is to conduct a simulation using COMSOL to obtain solar absorptivity of nanostructured perovskite solar cells and see the effects of integrating a variety of nanostructures. Keywords: Solar absorptivity, Perovskite Solar Cells, Nanostructure Architecture Share Link | Plain Format | Corresponding Author (Muhammad Azhar Aditama)

55	Transportation Safety	ABS-4
ENDURANCE TESTING OF THE ELECTRIC VEHICLE THAT CONVERTED FROM THE INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINE Yohanes Gunawan(a,b,*), Arfie Ikhsan Firmansyah(b), Nina Konitat Supriatna(b), Slamet(b) (a)Polytechnic of Energy and Mineral Akamigas, Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources (KESDM), Jl. Gajah Mada No.38, Mentul, Karangboyo, Cepu, Blora, Middle of Java, 58315, Indonesia (b)Research and Development Center for Electricity, New, Renewable Energy and Energy Conservation Technology (P3tek KEBTKE), Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources (KESDM), Bogor, 16340, Indonesia *Corresponding author: yohanes.gunawan[at]esdm.go.id Abstract Oversupply of electricity from state electricity company (PT. Perusahaan Listrik Negara) needs to be solved with an increase in demand for electricity. One of the choice solutions to overcome this problem, at a time to reduce air pollution from the use of internal combustion engines (ICE), reduce oil imports for ICE vehicles fuel, and respond to the issue of climate change, is with used electric vehicle (EV) massively so that the demand of electricity will be increase to absorb the oversupply. In Indonesia, to push the use of EVs, one of the programs to do is the conversion of ICE vehicles to EVs. This paper presents an overview of the endurance test for ICE vehicles that converted to EVs as far as 10,000 km to see their performance. We used three types of motorcycles, two types of batteries, and two types of passenger load. To get a distance of 10,000 km, the tested vehicle travels about 200 km with 4 different routes every day, where each route has different characteristics of road conditions. After getting the 10,000 km testing, all the types of electric motor are in a good condition and have no insignificant obstacles. Technically, several improvements need to be done to successfully this program, i.e. wiring and socket that are applied in this program need the waterproof wiring and socket, the converter part needs to be taken care of to avoid rust, and the placement of electrical components that have air conditioning fins (especially inverters) needs to be ensured that they will be exposed to air when the motor is used. Keywords: Electric Vehicle (EV), Endurance, Oversupply, Conversion, Internal Combustin Engine (ICE) Share Link | Plain Format | Corresponding Author (Yohanes Gunawan)

56	Transportation Safety	ABS-7
The Implementation Of Rilpot Sensor Integration In The Real Blindspot Application As A Media For Millennial Generation Driving Safety Learning In The Era 4.0 Winoto Hadi (a*), Kencana Verawati (a*), Anthony Costa (b*), Egy Andarwati Sulistyaning Trias Febriyanti (a*), Monica Wulandari (a*) a) Transportation - Faculty of Engineering Universitas Negeri Jakarta Indonesia b) Civil Engineering - Faculty of Engineering Universitas Sriwijaya Indonesia *winoto[at]unj.ac.id *kencanaverawati[at]unj.ac.id *anthonycosta[at]ft.unsri.ac.id *egyandarwati[at]gmail.com *monicawlndr20[at]gmail.com Abstract The high rate of traffic accidents in Indonesia in 2020 was reported by Media Indonesia on September 30, 2020, who stated that traffic accidents (Lakalantas) increased by 1.28 percent in the 39th week compared to the previous week, with one of the factors contributing to traffic accidents being blind spots on vehicles, particularly container trucks passing through the port hinterland area. One of them is in Jakarta^s northwestern outskirts. As a result, an application that has the potential to minimize the rate of accidents is required. These accidents frequently occur as a result of the driver^s inability to detect and know the existence of other vehicles in the vehicle^s blind areas. The ADDIE approach was used to conduct the study. This application will provide a warning sign of a vehicle passing on the vehicle^s blind spot, also known as a blindspot, which comes from sensors installed on the vehicle^s blind spot. It will also provide additional features such as blindspot understanding, blindspot simulators, blindspot detectors, equipment driving, driving procedures, and ethics. Regarding driving regulations, this feature will educate Indonesians, particularly the millennial age, on how to be more self-conscious and aware of the dangers of blindspots while driving, potentially lowering the likelihood of road accidents and assisting in the realization of several crucial aspects. Quality education is one of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Keywords: Blindspot, Millennial Generation, Safety, Applications Share Link | Plain Format | Corresponding Author (Kencana Verawati)

57	Transportation Safety	ABS-19
The Effect of Steel Reinforcement Number on the Resistance of Rail Sleepers of Passenger Railway Andi Idhil Ismail, Dhani Ryandhi, Faisal Manta Mechanical Engineering, Institut Teknologi Kalimantan National Center for Sustainable Transportation (NCSTT) Abstract Train is one of the modes of transportation that has unique characteristics and advantages because of its ability to transport passengers and goods in bulk, efficiently, sparingly in the use of space, and safe. The comfort and safety of the train cannot be separated from the structure of the train and the existing rail structure. A railway system generally consists of train structures (carriages) and railroads. The rail structure consists of the rail itself under which there are railway sleepers and a foundation or ballast. The sleeper serves as the foundation on which the rail rests. The materials or materials used for sleepers are of various kinds, such as wood, steel, or reinforced concrete. Due to receiving the load from the train tracks, the sleeper used prestressed rebar concrete or reinforced concrete with tension steel, which is useful so that the load from the train wheels can be neutralized so that the sleepers can withstand impact loads. This study aims to analyze the effect of impact loads and variations of railway sleeper reinforcement on the resistance of railway sleepers. Finite Element Method (FEM) modeling was used to simulate the stress on the sleeper structure. The variety of reinforcement used is 4, 6, and 8 rods with 7 different formations. The results obtained are in the form of stress, load, and displacement values. The value of the stress on the whole system is 1860 MPa. The maximum load value is 245,33 kN for variations of 6 reinforcements formations 1. Displacement value is 14,03 mm. The simulation results and graphs show that the correct arrangement and amount of reinforcements increase the resistance of the railway sleeper. Keywords: Finite Element Method, Railway Sleeper, Railway Sleeper Reinforcement. Share Link | Plain Format | Corresponding Author (Andi Idhil Ismail)

58	Transportation Safety	ABS-21
Cellular Structure Design and Manufacturability for Electric Vehicle: A Review Asep Indra Komara (a,b*), Bagus Budiwantoro (c), Rachman Setiawan (c**) a) Doctoral Program in Mechanical Engineering, Bandung Institute of Technology b) Bandung Polytechnic for Manufacturing *sepindra1[at]gmail.com c) Faculty of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Bandung Institute of Technology Jalan Ganesha 10, Bandung 40132, Indonesia **rachmans[at]edc.itb.ac.id Abstract Cellular structures can be classified into foams, honeycombs, and lattice structures. Each type of structure has its characteristics. Various applications of cellular structures can be found in aviation, bio-engineering, automotive, and other fields. In the automotive sector, cellular structures have been used for structural applications and impact-absorbing modules, for example, for protecting the electric vehicle battery pack against impact loading. The challenges that limit the application of cellular structures today include systematically designing pseudo-random cellular structures, assessing which cellular patterns are most suitable for a particular application, and mastery of manufacturing technology for efficient mass production of cellular structures. In this paper, the authors examine the state-of-the-art technology in geometry, applications, and manufacturing of various cellular structures carried out by researchers to obtain an overview of the current conditions for further development of these cellular structures. Limited manufacturing capabilities encourage researchers to design an optimal cellular structure to be applied to a particular function but have high manufacturability. The development of additive manufacturing technology has provided opportunities for researchers to produce an optimal cellular structure commercially soon. Keywords: cellular structure, design, application, manufacturability, electric vehicles Share Link | Plain Format | Corresponding Author (Asep Indra Komara)

59	Transportation Safety	ABS-22
The Effect of the ADAS System on Driving Safety Noor Hidayati,Sonki Prasetya*,Devi Handaya, Dianta Mustofa Kamal, Shenni Meila Khalda Labibah Mechanical Engineering Department, Politeknik Negeri Jakarta, Jl. Prof. DR. G.A. Siwabessy, Kampus Universitas Indonesia Depok 16425 *sonki.prasetya[at]mesin.pnj.ac.id Abstract The use of intelligent technology has been widely applied to vehicles. ADAS (Advanced Driver Assistance System) is one of the smart features embedded in vehicles. Generally directed to assist in driving a vehicle as well as for safety such as braking. The development of ADAS is the first step towards an autonomous vehicle system. The braking system currently relies on several detectors, namely Radar, LiDAR, and cameras. The current use of ADAS usually uses a radar system or the integration of radar and cameras. This article aims to discuss the impact of using ADAS in terms of braking only with the help of a stereo camera as an object detector. How much influence intelligent systems for ADAS in driving. Several speeds are compared to see the response of the vehicle as well as its effect to get the proper application of speed with the use of the camera. The results show that the speed response can be increased by 0.3 seconds to reduce the delay in the driver^s awareness response to identify the object in front of him. Furthermore, the use of a camera-based system as a tool in ADAS can be used at medium speeds of around 50 km/hour. Keywords: ADAS- Safety- braking system- speed response- driving Share Link | Plain Format | Corresponding Author (Noor Hidayati)

60	Transportation Safety	ABS-28
Comparative Study Between Canny-Edge Versus CNN based Lane Detection for High-Definition Map Generation Nadana Ayzah Azis, Fauzand Mestakindo Erizal, Yul Yunazwin Nazaruddin Instrumentation and Control Research Group Department of Engineering Physics, Institut Teknologi Bandung Abstract In order to pursue high-accuracy localization for Autonomous Vehicles (AVs) in semi-open scenarios, a HD map is conducted to assist the sensor fusion in the localization system. Lane/road mark becomes necessary aspect to build an accurate HD map. Lane detection is to detect lanes on the road and provide the accurate location and shape of each lane. It severs as one of the key techniques to enable modern assisted and autonomous driving systems. Lane detection is difficult problem because of varying road condition that one can encounter during driving. This study examines a comparison of the canny-edge based lane detection and deep neural-network based lane detection in order to build an accurate HD Map. Simulations are carried out using datasets available in the community. Keywords: lane detection, canny-edge detection, deep neural-network, HD map, autonomous vehicles Share Link | Plain Format | Corresponding Author (Nadana Ayzah Azis)

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