Investigating the land cover characteristics of the Kesongo Mud Volcano Complex, Java Island, Indonesia: Surface analysis and visual interpretation through Harmonized Sentinel-2A MSI Imagery Danni Gathot Harbowo (a,b*) & Eri S. Sitinjak (a)
a) Doctoral student in Department of Geological Engineering, Faculty of Earth Sciences and Technology, Institut Teknologi Bandung, Jl.Ganesha, 10, Bandung, 40132, Jawa Barat, Indonesia.
b) Department of Geological Engineering, Institut Teknologi Sumatera, Wayhui, 35365, Lampung, Indonesia.
*danni.gathot[at]gl.itera.ac.id
Abstract
The Kesongo Mud Volcano Complex is a unique geological feature that requires further investigation of its land cover to understand potential successions, in Java Island, Indonesia. Our study reveals land cover characteristics by investigating their surface and visual expression via satellite imagery. Through the Harmonized Sentinel-2A MSI Imagery analysis approach followed by field observations, we uncovered the complexity of land cover, including vegetation variations up to substrate characteristics. Using remote sensing techniques, mud volcano land-cover characteristics were identified based on the normalized difference index for vegetation (NDVI) and moisture (NDMI). Both indices exhibited a linear regression trend with a coefficient of determination (R2) of 0.6184. The results indicate a contrasting pattern between the central, inner, and outer rim regions, which can be characterized by specific band combinations, particularly [B8, B4, B3] and [B11, B8, B12]. Additionally, moisture and vegetation around the mud volcano provide characteristics of recently active mudflow sides, especially in the presence of Typhaceae, Cyperaceae, Poaceae, and Euphorbiaceae. This study contributes to the understanding of the unique land cover dynamics in this mud volcano complex and provides insights into the geological to ecological features for further geoconservation perspectives.
