The Role of Tumor Necrosis Factor Alpha (TNF-α-), Transforming growth factor-b (TGF-b), and T-cells on Immunity and Tissue Damage Hasta Handayani Idrus (1*), Ratih Rinendyaputri (2), Sunarno (3), Syamsu Rijal (4), Yusriani Mangarengi (5), Masriadi (6), Rasfayanah (7), Hermiaty Nasruddin (8)
1,2,3) The National Research and Innovation Agency, Research Organization For Health,Center For Biomedical Research
1) Department of Microbiology Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Muslim Indonesia, Indonesia
1) Department of Phatology Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Muslim Indonesia, Indonesia
2) Department of Microbiology Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Muslim Indonesia, Indonesia
3) Department of Public Health Faculty of Public Health, Universitas Muslim Indonesia, Indonesia
4) Department Biochemistry Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Muslim Indonesia, Indonesia
5) Department Public Health Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Muslim Indonesia, Indonesia
Tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α-) is a pleiotropic cytokine that plays a role in the inflammatory process, initiating polymorphonuclear (PMN) and activating it so that PMNs can reach the site of infection. Tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α-) is a major cytokine in the acute inflammatory response to Gram-negative bacteria and other microbes. Severe infections can trigger the production of large amounts of TNF- causing systemic reactions. TNF- has several functions in the inflammatory process, which can increase the pro-thrombotic role and stimulate adhesion molecules from leukocyte cells and induce endothelial cells, play a role in regulating macrophage activity and immune responses in tissues by stimulating growth factors and other cytokines, functioning as a regulator of hematopoietic and comitogen for T cells and B cells as well as the activity of neutrophil cells and macrophages. Transforming growth factor-b (TGF-b) is a pleiotropic cytokine involved in suppressive and inflammatory immune responses. TGF-b alters immunity under various conditions. TGF-b also regulates thymic T-cell selection and maintains homeostasis of the naive T-cell pool. Another role of TGF-b is to inhibit cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL), Th1-, and Th2 cell differentiation while promoting peripheral (p)Treg-, Th17-, Th9-, and Tfh cell generation, and tissue residency of T cells in response. to immune challenge. T cells arise from the bone marrow - derived precursors that traffic to the thymus, where the process of development is completed. Within the thymus, T cell precursors are exposed to a variety of extrinsic signals, for example, peptides presented by major histocompatibility complexes (MHC), costimulators, and cytokines, which stimulate molecular changes leading to differentiation into T cell lineages. T-cell precursors require appropriate TCR signaling to trigger their survival and maturation, a process called positive selection. ^Too little^ signaling causes the death of developing T c
