Numerical Study of an NPZOC Model: Integrator Performance, Bloom Dynamics, and Stability Transitions Nur Rahma A., Sandhita Aura K., Agus Sutrisno, La Zakaria, Netti Herawati, Dorrah Azis
Lampung University
Abstract
This article introduces the nutrient-phytoplankton-zooplankton-oxygen-carbon (NPZOC) model as an extended formulation of the well-known NPZO (nutrient-phytoplankton-zooplankton-oxygen) system. The inclusion of the carbon component provides a more comprehensive representation of biogeochemical interactions in aquatic ecosystems. To date, the NPZOC model has received limited attention in the literature. In this study, explicit forms of the stationary (equilibrium) points are derived, which have not been presented in previous research. Furthermore, algorithms and numerical simulations of the NPZOC model are developed using the fourth-order Runge-Kutta (RK4) and Yoshida symplectic integrators. Realistic parameter initialization and initial conditions are applied to analyze system stability and explore the dynamic behavior exhibited by the NPZOC model.
