Exploring the Impact of Digital Technologies on Spatial Ability in K-12 Learners: A Decade of Systematic Literature Review
Fauzan Syahbudin, Dadang Juandi

Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia

Abstract

Over the past decade, digital technologies have increasingly been integrated into educational environments to support the development of students^ spatial abilities-an essential cognitive domain in mathematics and STEM-related learning. This systematic literature review (SLR) synthesizes findings from 25 peer-reviewed empirical studies published between 2016 and 2024, focusing on the types of digital technologies employed, their implementation across K-12 educational levels, and the reported benefits and challenges. The analysis reveals a steady growth in scholarly interest, with the majority of studies conducted at the elementary and secondary levels. Augmented Reality (AR) emerged as the most widely utilized technology, followed by Computer-Based Spatial Thinking Tools (CBSTT), educational robotics, Virtual Reality (VR), Game-Based Spatial Thinking Tools (GBSTT), video games, and Geographic Information Systems (GIS). These technologies were found to significantly enhance aspects of spatial ability-particularly mental rotation, spatial visualization, and spatial orientation-while also fostering student engagement, motivation, and active participation. However, several implementation challenges were identified, including limited access to infrastructure, inadequate teacher training, insufficient alignment with curriculum standards, and concerns related to cognitive overload and educational equity. The findings highlight the importance of selecting context-appropriate technologies and providing systemic instructional support to ensure their effective and sustainable integration. This review contributes to the growing body of knowledge on spatial learning and offers practical implications for educators, policymakers, and researchers seeking to leverage digital technologies to improve spatial cognition in diverse educational settings.

Keywords: Spatial Ability, Digital Technology, K-12 Education, Systematic Literature Review, STEM Learning

Topic: STEM Education and Technology