GC-MS Fingerprint Combined with Chemometrics to Discriminate Syzygium aromaticum Varieties Zanzibar and Tuni from Indonesia in Clove Essential Oil as Antimicrobial Resistance Agent
Imam Taufik (a- b), Rustini (c), Friardi Ismed (d), Deddi Prima Putra (d*)

a) Doctoral Program, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Andalas. Kampus Limau Manis, Padang, West Sumatera, 25163, Indonesia,
b) Indonesian Food and Drug Authority (BPOM RI) Regional Office in Ambon, Jl. Dr Kayadoe SK 20 Ambon, Maluku, 97116, Indonesia
c) Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Andalas. Kampus Limau Manis, Padang, West Sumatera, 25163, Indonesia
d) Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Andalas. Kampus Limau Manis, Padang, West Sumatera, 25163, Indonesia,
*email: putra_aries64[at]yahoo.com

Abstract

Clove essential oil (Syzygium aromaticum L.) or CEO in Indonesia has traditionally been antibacterial. Their marker compound content must be identified to ensure the authenticity and efficacy of herbal medicine raw materials. The CEO with clove content from Zanzibar and Tuni varieties has similar organoleptic properties. A GC-MS fingerprinting method combined with chemometrics can be developed to differentiate these two varieties. The CEO is predicted to have properties as an antimicrobial resistance agent. This study investigates the differences between clove-containing CEOs of the Zanzibar and Tuni varieties. Anti-MRSA prediction was carried out by molecular docking the CEO compounds to the target protein Penicillin-Binding Protein 2a (PBP-2a). Samples of clove leaves, stems, and buds from two different varieties were harvested from Maluku, Indonesia. Each sample was hydro-distilled and then analyzed by GC-MS. This study found that the CEO of the Zanzibar and Tuni varieties contained 14 compounds at different concentrations. The major compounds were caryophyllene, eugenol, and humulene. Principal component analysis was performed to differentiate between the two varieties. Discriminant analysis successfully differentiated the Zanzibar and Tuni varieties with a satisfactory model. Tau cadinol acetate, a minor compound of CEO, is more active than chloramphenicol as a control drug and has the potential to be an herbal drug candidate as an antimicrobial resistance agent by acting on the PBP-2a protein. In conclusion, the developed GC-MS fingerprint chemometrics combination technique can be used as a quality control to identify and discriminate between CEOs with clove content from the Zanzibar and Tuni varieties. As a recommendation, in vitro tests and preclinical trials need to be conducted to confirm anti-MRSA efficacy.

Keywords: GC-MS Fingerprint- Chemometrics- Syzygium aromaticum- Different Varieties- Anti-MRSA

Topic: Biology and Biology Education