Determinants of Climate-Smart Agriculture Adoption among Smallholder Dairy Farmers in Indonesia: Evidence from East Java, Indonesia
Gilang Nanda Pranadita, Tina Sri Purwanti*, Jaisy Aghniarahim Putritamara

Universitas Brawijaya

Abstract

This study investigates the determinants and extent of dairy farmers^ adoption of Climate-Smart Agriculture (CSA) practices in Ngantang and Pujon Districts, Malang Regency, East Java, Indonesia. Using a quantitative descriptive survey of 200 dairy farmers selected through purposive sampling, the research applies a multivariate probit model to identify socioeconomic and institutional factors shaping adoption behavior. The six CSA practices analyzed include pasture-nutrition management, agroforestry, improved waste management, enhanced feed-conversion efficiency, livestock vaccination, and integrated crop-livestock systems. The results show heterogeneity in adoption across practices: access to extension services strongly increases the likelihood of adopting pasture-nutrition management and livestock vaccination- membership in farmer groups and longer farming experience significantly enhance agroforestry uptake- access to credit and herd size are key for improved waste management- while age, occupation type, and information-seeking activity influence feed-conversion improvements. Formal education and farming experience drive the adoption of integrated crop-livestock systems. In contrast, gender and household size have no significant effects. The majority of respondents are middle-aged men with basic education and more than 10 years of farming experience, managing an average of 5.6 animal units, and most had not received extension support during the previous year. The findings highlight the critical role of extension services, credit access, and collective organization in scaling up CSA adoption within smallholder dairy systems. Strengthening farmers^ technical knowledge, financial inclusion, and group-based learning could accelerate climate-resilient transformation in Indonesia^s dairy sector.

Keywords: Climate-Smart Agriculture-dairy farming- technology adoption- multivariate probit-Indonesia

Topic: Animal Agribusiness and Related Subjects