Thermal and Vibration-Based Digital Interventions for Improving Foot Vascularization and Plasma Lactate Among Individuals with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Literature Review
Yuli widyastuti, nurul istiqomah, Ita Indraswati

Universitas jenderal soederman

Abstract

Background: This review synthesizes research on the effect of warm socks and vibration foot using digital devices on plasma lactate levels and foot vascularization among adults with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) to address gaps in understanding non-pharmacological interventions targeting diabetic microvascular and metabolic dysfunction. The review aimed to evaluate thermal and vibration therapies^ impact on plasma lactate, benchmark digital device interventions for foot vascularization, elucidate underlying vascular mechanisms, compare measurement methodologies, and clarify microvascular-metabolic relationships. Methods: A review was conducted by searching PubMed search strategy to identify randomized controlled trials and quays experimental published to 9 August 10, 2025. Results: Findings 19 studies indicate that thermal therapies can modestly improve macrovascular endothelial function and mobilize progenitor cells, though microvascular responses are variable and neuropathy may limit efficacy- vibration therapy evidence remains scarce with limited direct assessment of plasma lactate or vascular outcomes. Plasma lactate is often elevated in T2DM, with exercise reducing lactate during activity but basal levels largely unaffected- the influence of thermal or vibration interventions on lactate remains underexplored. Advanced digital devices demonstrate feasibility for intervention delivery and continuous monitoring but lack robust clinical validation. Conclusion: These findings highlight the potential of integrated thermal and mechanical digital therapies to modulate vascular and metabolic parameters, underscoring the need for standardized, larger scale trials to optimize clinical application and mechanistic understanding in diabetic populations.

Keywords: Diabetes Mellitus, Plasma Lactate, Foot Vascularization, Thermal and Vibration-Based Digital

Topic: Nursing Care and Technology Development